考研英語基礎語法

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一、非謂語動詞( V+ing, V+ed)

1, 動名詞

(1)作主語和賓語

Saying is easier than doing.

說比做容易。

(2)作介詞賓語

We get pleasure from loving and being loved.

我們從愛別人和被別人愛中得到快樂。

2,分詞作定語

(1)前置

The beginning student should be given more encouragement.

初學者應多給予鼓勵。

A balanced diet provides nutrition for your body.

均衡的食物使你的身體獲得營養(yǎng)。

(2)后置

Those living on a mountain live off the mountain.

靠山吃山

Children disciplined when they are young will become good citizen.

小時候受過良好教育的兒童長大會成為好公民。

3，分詞作狀語

Hearing the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai.

聽到這個消息，他們立即出發(fā)到上海去了。

Seen from the pagoda, the south foot of the Purple Mountain is a sea of trees.

從這個塔上遠眺，紫金山南麓是樹的海洋。

Printed white, the house looks bigger.

漆成白色后，這房子像是更大了。

Having written an important letter, I litsened to the music for a while.

寫完一封重要的信之后，我聽了一會兒音樂。

Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

持極端觀點的人認為，人與動物在各相關方面都不相同，所以對待動物無須考慮道德問題。

An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.

對于計算機課堂教學，人們在觀點上存在著一條無形的界線：有人認為應從學生的就業(yè)前景來考慮這一問題，而另一些人認為應從推行徹底的教育改革方面來更加全面地考慮計算機進入教室這一問題。

(區(qū)別動名詞短語作主語)

Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice. (2005-49)

創(chuàng)造一種能夠尊重不同文化與傳統(tǒng)的歐洲特色并不是一件很容易的事情，而這些文化傳統(tǒng)將會成為維系歐洲大陸的基礎結構，這需要一種戰(zhàn)略性的選擇。

4，獨立主格結構

Mary coming back, they discussed it together. (= When Mary came back…)

瑪麗回來后，他們一起討論了那件事。

Health and persistence given, one can do great things. (=If health and persistence are given…)

有健康的身體和頑強的毅力的話，一個人能做出偉大的事情。

The moon having risen, they took a walk in the fields. (= When the moon had risen…)

月亮升起后，他們在田野里散步。

So much time having been spent, the work is only half done. (=Though so much time has been spent…)

雖然花了這么多時間，這項工作才做了一半。

But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards.

但是由于作業(yè)在成績中所占的比例不超過10%，學生很可能少做一半的作業(yè)，而在他們的成績單上也不會有什么差別。

二、定語從句

A，He has one sister who is working in the city.

B，He has one sister, who is working in the city.

C，All the people in the auditorium who had enough of classical music start to leave.

D，All the people in the auditorium, who had enough of classical music, start to leave.

E，The bookstore which sells this book is the largest one in Nanjing.

F，The bookstore where I work is the largest one in Nanjing.

1, Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture”, like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.

因此，人類學中的“文化”就象數(shù)學中的“集”一樣，是一個抽象概念，這種抽象概念使大量的具體研究和認識成為可能。

2, I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems.

我將其定義為這樣一個人：他以蘇格拉底的方式來思考道德問題，并將此當作人生的主要責任和樂趣。

3, Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, …

而且，人類還有能力改變自己的生存環(huán)境，…

4, It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.

這一體系容易忽視并最終消滅很多缺乏商業(yè)價值的物種，然而這些物種對于整個生物群落的健康運行是至關重要的。

5, This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.

這種困境將是確定無疑的，因為能源的匱乏，高能量消耗這種美國耕作方式很難在農(nóng)業(yè)中繼續(xù)下去，而這種耕作方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。

6, Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter, we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison.

現(xiàn)在，既然對智力的評估是比較性的，那么，在對我們的對象進行比較時，所采用的尺度就應當是“有效的”或“公平的”。

7, It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invited you to think that animals should be treated either with consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

這在一開始就將問題引向極端，它讓人們認為應該這樣對待動物：要么象對待人類自身那樣去關懷，要么完全冷漠無情。

8, On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

在另一層面上，許多醫(yī)學界人士承認，關于輔助自殺的爭論的升溫的部分原因在于病人的絕望情緒，對這些病人來說，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學事實上延長了臨終前身體的痛苦。

9, “It was a really bad move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictable, into a lack of sales.

寧說：“因為這個工作不是我的興趣所在，所以這的確是糟糕的一步。”結果可想而知，他的這一矛盾心理導致他的銷售業(yè)績不佳。

(同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別)

A: The proposal that he put forward is to be discussed at the meeting.

他提出的建議將在會上討論。

B: The proposal that we should import more equipment from abroad is to be discussed at the meeting.

我們應當從國外進口更多設備這個建議將在會上討論。

1, Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “circumstances do not make a person; they reveal him.”

愛倫的書之所以出名，部分原因是因為它辯論的觀點，即： “環(huán)境并未造就人，而是揭示了人的本性。

2, Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request.

網(wǎng)上文化推崇這樣一個概念，即在你提出具體的要求之后，信息才會出現(xiàn)在你屏幕上。

3, The idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.

新聞工作者對于法律的理解應當比普通公民更加深刻，這個觀點建立在對新聞媒體既定規(guī)范和特殊社會責任的理解的基礎之上。

4, Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought.

沃爾夫對語言與思維的關系很感興趣，因此他逐漸形成了這樣的觀點：一個社會中，語言的結構決定習慣思維的結構。

5, The common belief of some linguistics that each language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the nation speaking it is in some ways the exact counterpart of the conviction of the Manchester school of economics that supply and demand will regulate everything for the rest.

一些語言學家的共同見解是，每一種語言都是使用該語言的民族用以表達思想的完美載體。這一觀點在某些方面與曼徹斯特經(jīng)濟學派的觀點，即供給與需求會將一切調節(jié)至盡善盡美，有異曲同工之處。

判別：

This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework.

這項規(guī)定本意是解決來自貧困和混亂家庭的學生在完成作業(yè)時可能遇到的困難。

三、名詞性從句

1, He ate what he paid for. (= He ate the food that he paid for.)

他吃他買的東西。

2, The question is how we can get the loan. (= The question is something.)

問題是如何獲得貸款。

3, He told them who he was and what he had done in the past.

4, In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined.

一般來說，當所需測定的性質能夠精確定義時，測試最為有效;而當所需測定或預測的對象不能明確定義時，測試效果最差。

5, The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

希臘人認為本語言結構與思維過程之間存在著某種聯(lián)系，這種觀點早在人們意識到語言的千差萬別之前就已經(jīng)在歐洲扎下了根。

6, When the first draft should be finished and how it should be ameliorated are just two of a great number of difficulties that the fledging newspaper reporter encounters.

什么時候該完成初稿，以及該怎樣對其進行修改，是這個初出茅廬的新聞記者面臨的眾多問題中的兩個。

7, The most crucial point that you should fully comprehend is what prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect.

關鍵在于，你應當充分理解是什么使得美國人不能如人們所期望的那樣幸福地生活。

8，A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answers.

在谷歌上進行一次搜索便會產(chǎn)生0.2到7.0克的二氧化碳，具體數(shù)值取決于人們得到“正確”答案所需的查詢次數(shù)。

Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlation that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy.

目前企業(yè)正在研究基因如何相互作用，以尋找它們之間的關聯(lián)性，從而用于推斷疾病的起因或者預測藥效。

B. 其它語法現(xiàn)象：

一、重要時態(tài)

1，現(xiàn)在完成進行時

I’ve been waiting for an hour but she still hasn’t come.

我已等了一個小時，但她還沒有來。

2，過去將來時

He said that he would wait for us at the bus stop.

他說他要在車站等我們的。

3，將來完成時

The concert will begin at half past eight. They will have played half an hour when you arrive.

音樂會將在8點半開始。你達到時，他們就將已演奏半小時了。

二、 “it”作形式主語

1，It is painful to read these round about accounts today.

現(xiàn)在來看這些拐彎抹角的理由是令人心痛的。

2，It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience ,but this effect is not a part of its original motive.)

盡管人們可以這樣說，對任何一個社會制度價值的衡量就是其在增長和豐富經(jīng)驗方面所產(chǎn)生的影響，但是這種影響并不是其最初動機的一部分。

3, It is interesting to note that in countries where the national diet contains large quantities of unrefined flour and vegetables, certain diseases are comparatively rare.

一個值得注意的有趣現(xiàn)象是，在那些以粗面粉和蔬菜為主食的國家里，某些疾病相對少些。

4, I believe equally that it is in the interests of the world as a whole that Europe should increasingly unite and speak with a common voice.

我同樣認為歐洲應該日益團結起來，發(fā)出共同的聲音，這是符合全世界的利益的。

三、 虛擬語氣

1, If he were here this evening, we would play cards.

如果他今晚在這里的話，我們就玩牌。

2, If I had known her address, I would have visited her last week.

上周如果我知道她的地址的話，我就去拜訪她了。

3, Were they got married, they would be happy.

要是他們結婚的話，他們會幸福的。

4, Had you informed me earlier, I wouldn’t have signed the contract.

要是你早些告訴我的話，我是不會簽那份合同的。

5, Coke town was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and the ashes had allowed it.

科克鎮(zhèn)以前是由紅色的磚建成的，確切點說，要不是由于煙霧和灰塵的話，它本應是紅色的。

6, They do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been, had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

他們不能說明一個物質條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長的話，會有多大才干。

7, If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. (2011)

如果環(huán)境總是能夠決定人的生活和前景，那么人性就不曾進步過。

8, Those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times.

那些名牌大學的畢業(yè)生能夠很快地達到良好經(jīng)濟時期他們本該擁有的地位。

9, This “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.

人才流失問題一直困擾著貧困國家的決策者們。他們擔心這會對本國的經(jīng)濟造成損害，造成國家急需的技術人員的流失，這些人本可以任教于國內的大學，也可以在國內的醫(yī)院工作，或者是構思出更加優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品供國內工廠去生產(chǎn)。

四、比較

1, Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.

通常，鐵路公司對這些“受制”客戶的收費要比存在另一家鐵路公司競爭時高出20%至30%。

2, When they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented — and human perception far more complicated — than previously imagined.

在試圖模仿人類思維時，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類大腦中大約有1000億個神經(jīng)細胞，比以前所認為的要更具天賦，人類的感知過程也更復雜。