2016語法講義部分句子參考譯文節(jié)選

第一節(jié)

1. Building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. (1998-TEXT1)修建高大雄偉的大壩已成為那些力爭得到自我肯定的國家和人民的偉大成就的象征。

2. My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. 作為一名警察，我的工作就是把責(zé)任感強(qiáng)行加到那些拒絕承擔(dān)、或自己沒有學(xué)會承擔(dān)責(zé)任的人身上。

3. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails.不過，熱情接待陌生人的傳統(tǒng)在美國仍然很盛行，尤其是在遠(yuǎn)離旅游熱線的小城鎮(zhèn)。

4. If you have ridden in the rear of a jet transport, you may have noticed that it was difficult to carry on a conversatio如果你坐在一架噴氣式飛機(jī)的后部，你可能會注意到在那里進(jìn)行交流是非常困難的。

5. In science the meaning of the word “explain” suffers with civilization’s every step in search of reality. Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales.隨著尋求真相的文明的每一步發(fā)展，“解釋”一詞的在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的含義卻在日益退步?？茖W(xué)無法真正解釋電、磁及重力;我們可以測量并推斷其效應(yīng)，但……

6. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. 這些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人就是活生生的證據(jù)，證明對疾病的防治是有意義的，證明我們能夠?qū)Ω赌挲g帶來的健康問題。

7. When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived.當(dāng)史前人類來到地球新的角落時(shí)，大型動物發(fā)生了一些奇怪的事：它們突然滅亡了。小一點(diǎn)的物種得以存活。

8. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption.能源保護(hù)，轉(zhuǎn)向使用其他燃料以及能源密集型重工業(yè)重要性的降低，都減少了石油消耗。

9. Hence the analogy(類比，類推) that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.因此，才會有人將貨幣政策的制定比作是駕駛一輛汽車，這輛車擋風(fēng)玻璃被涂黑了、后視鏡裂了，方向盤也失靈了。

10. Laughter does produce short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, boosting heart rate and oxygen consumption.“笑”確實(shí)能給心血管帶來短期的變化，提高心率以及對氧氣的吸收。

11. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.Rosenberg認(rèn)為，公共健康倡導(dǎo)者應(yīng)該效仿廣告商，廣告商懂得如何應(yīng)用同輩壓力。這種說法很令人信服。

12. In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.2010年12月，美國聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(FTC)提議為互聯(lián)網(wǎng)瀏覽器增加一個(gè)“不得追蹤”的選項(xiàng)，這樣用戶就可以告訴廣告商他們不想被追蹤。

13. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. 這些進(jìn)步給老年人口帶來的高質(zhì)量生活在50年前我剛剛進(jìn)入醫(yī)療行業(yè)時(shí)是不可想象的。

14. This cold air is so forceful that it makes the nearby seas the stormiest in the world and renders unlivable those regions whose counterparts at the opposite end of the globe are inhabited.(86)冷空氣如此強(qiáng)大以至于鄰近的海域成為世界上風(fēng)暴最大的區(qū)域，也使那些區(qū)域無法居住，而在地球另一端的相對應(yīng)區(qū)域卻是可居住的。

15. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications.(97T1)澳北州晚期病人權(quán)利法使得無論是內(nèi)科醫(yī)生還是普通市民都力圖從道義和實(shí)際意義兩方面來考慮這一問題。

16. When stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.當(dāng)受到壓力時(shí)的雌性老鼠的卵巢(女性)生殖器官被切除時(shí)，它們的化學(xué)反應(yīng)和雄性的是一樣的。

17. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess.然而,許多美國一流大學(xué)希望他們的本科生擁有一些基本的公認(rèn)的思想準(zhǔn)則，這些基本準(zhǔn)則同時(shí)也是每個(gè)受過教育的人都應(yīng)該具備的。

18. The goal of all books will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.所有這些書的目的是試圖告訴那些迷惑不解且常常頭腦不開化的普通百姓：就宇宙和生命的起源與進(jìn)化問題而言，不可能存在兩種同樣成立的科學(xué)理論。

19. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.最后，因?yàn)樽罱K受益者是病人，醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)不僅應(yīng)該積極爭取Stephen Cooper這樣的名人的支持——他對動物實(shí)驗(yàn)的價(jià)值勇敢地進(jìn)行了陳述——而且應(yīng)該爭取所有接受治療的病人的支持。

20. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.參考譯文: 為了給年輕人灌輸他們所需要的價(jià)值觀念,這些群體主要依賴一些相同形式的組織,這些組織可以使成年人忠誠于自己的群體.

21. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left. 譯文: 例如，阿斯旺大壩使得尼羅河不再洪水泛濫，但是它也奪去了埃及以前所享有的洪水參考留下的肥沃淤泥。

22. Yet Waizer’s argument does point to one of the most serious weaknesses of capitalism—that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration。參考譯文: 然則，沃爾澤的論點(diǎn)確實(shí)揭示了資本主義體制中最嚴(yán)重的一個(gè)弱點(diǎn)，即它將某一類人置于社會中的顯赫地位置，而這類人卻常常缺乏其它那些能喚起他人受戴和欽佩的品質(zhì)。

23. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. 實(shí)用性、基本常識、天分一直都被認(rèn)為是比從書本中學(xué)來的任何東西都高尚的資質(zhì)。

24. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. 這一點(diǎn)很重要,因?yàn)槔碚摫砻?當(dāng)一種目標(biāo)魚種的生物量大致降到最初水平的50%時(shí)，漁場才能獲得最大的持續(xù)捕魚量。

25. He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained.他首先提出現(xiàn)實(shí)問題，然后提出道德問題，最后根據(jù)他獲得的是適合道德信息提出一些看似恰當(dāng)?shù)男袨榻ㄗh。通過這些方式，他有意識地、清楚直率地探索了這些問題。

26. Some schools, like the University of Wisconsin, have declined to assist the RIAA, explaining that to identify the IP users and forward the letters to them would put the university in an uncomfortable and inappropriate alliance with the RIAA.一些學(xué)校，如威斯康星大學(xué)就拒絕協(xié)助美國唱片產(chǎn)業(yè)協(xié)會，該校解釋說“找到這些IP用戶并把信件轉(zhuǎn)交給他們，這會使學(xué)校與美國唱片產(chǎn)業(yè)協(xié)會結(jié)成不合適的聯(lián)盟。

27. Whether the study of the lunar rocks will answer the long debated question of the origin of the moon remains to be seen. 對月石的研究是否能夠回答關(guān)于月亮起源的長期以來頗有爭議的問題尚不明確。

28. It is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide. 國家和世界應(yīng)該根據(jù)科學(xué)所能提供的最好的判斷來制定政策，這一點(diǎn)至關(guān)重要。

29. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information。計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)使得在可機(jī)讀的文件中存儲大量的數(shù)據(jù)成為可能，也使得在給電腦編程來定位具體的信息成為可能。

30. The period made it clear to him that values must be expressed through everyday action and choice.這一時(shí)期使他清楚意識到價(jià)值必須通過日常的行為和選擇表達(dá)出來。

31. As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.因此，有兩件事就變得很困難或者根本不可能，1、為一次成功的革命建立起一個(gè)詳盡的并可信的關(guān)于參加者的描述;2、回答人們會問的、關(guān)于起義者的社會背景的甚至是最為基本的問題。

第二節(jié)

1.In America the selection of jurors acceptable to both the prosecution and the defence sometimes takes longer than the trial itself.在美國，選擇對于起訴人和辯護(hù)人來說都能接受的陪審團(tuán)有時(shí)候比案件審理本身耗時(shí)更長。

2. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.對于那些尚未意識到這個(gè)不利條件的人來說，這是對那些姓名以字母表中靠下部分的字母開頭的讓人的一種歧視。

3. For example, he theorised that a judge fearful of appearing too soft on crime might be more likely to send someone to prion if he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.例如，他提出一種理論：一位害怕表現(xiàn)得對犯罪太心慈手軟的法官，如果那天已經(jīng)判了五六個(gè)被人人去做強(qiáng)制性社區(qū)服務(wù)，那么他很可能會判接下來的那個(gè)人去坐牢。

4. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals.母親們對這些信號的不敏感可能會使互動變得沉悶。因?yàn)楹⒆拥貌坏焦膭?，往往只發(fā)出一些明顯的信號。

5. With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteen-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the capitalist consumerism.關(guān)于最后一個(gè)問題，我們可能順便注意到,盡管湯普森正確的使勞動人民重新登上18世紀(jì)英國歷史舞臺，但是他很可能夸大了人們對于資本主義消費(fèi)觀的敵視。

6. The letters offer students the option of paying a settlement fee based on the number of tunes the student allegedly downloaded illegally or taking the risk of a potentially more expensive lawsuit.信中給了學(xué)生兩個(gè)選擇，學(xué)生可以根據(jù)涉嫌非法下載歌曲的數(shù)量來支付一筆罰金，否則就可能面臨更昂貴的訴訟。

模塊二

1. At first glance this might seem like a strength that grants the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by external factors.乍一看，這似乎是一個(gè)優(yōu)勢，它賦予了人們能夠做出不受外界影響的不帶偏見的判斷的能力。

2. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. 人們不能確定兩個(gè)大陸是在朝相反的方向運(yùn)動，還是一個(gè)大陸停止不動而另一個(gè)從它身邊漂移開去。

3. Legislation would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning. 立法把私人資金用于克隆人的行為視為犯罪。

4. NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. (1999 Text 4)NBAC計(jì)劃呼吁繼續(xù)禁止使用聯(lián)邦政府基金利用人體細(xì)胞核去克隆嬰兒的任何企圖。

5. This might sound small, but to undo the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been necessary.這似乎聽起來很小，但要消除這一微小的(分?jǐn)?shù))降低的影響，申請人的GMAT 需要多比原本需要的多考出30分。

6. In order for the benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and counties, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their resources to the choice.為了能讓所有者、公司和國家實(shí)現(xiàn)其所有權(quán)的收益，雇員和其他個(gè)人必須自己決定是否購買，而且必須為這個(gè)選擇貢獻(xiàn)出一些個(gè)人的資源。

7. Indeed the mere size of operations and the number of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible.的確，僅從公司的經(jīng)營規(guī)模和所用的工人數(shù)量來看，建立這種個(gè)人關(guān)系是不可能的了。

8. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times.這種“附加工人效應(yīng)”可以支持幫助家庭渡過困難時(shí)期的失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)或殘疾保險(xiǎn)所提供的保障制度// 這種“附加工人效應(yīng)”可以支持失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)或殘疾保險(xiǎn)所提供的保障制度，以幫助家庭渡過困難時(shí)期。

9. Students already getting help can usually transfer their aid to tuition and fees abroad, but basics like housing and food are often at the mercy of the fluctuating dollar.已經(jīng)獲得援助的學(xué)生可以將所獲得的資助轉(zhuǎn)換為國外學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)雜費(fèi)，但是其它的必需花費(fèi)，如租房、伙食費(fèi)就會受到美元波動的影響。

10. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.如果沒有大家稱之為記憶的功能，學(xué)習(xí)便不能發(fā)生。

11. First established by the British as a convict settlement in 1788, this is a modern cosmopolitan city that has developed into one of the nation’s major industrial, business, and manufacturing centers.這個(gè)城市是英國人于1788年作為犯罪分子的流放地建造的。 如今它已發(fā)展成為一個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的大都市，是改過工業(yè)、商業(yè)和制造業(yè)的中心之一。

12. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model,(with)retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.去年的大部分時(shí)間里，布什總統(tǒng)一直致力于將社會保險(xiǎn)體制轉(zhuǎn)變成個(gè)人儲蓄存款賬戶模式，要求退休人員將其大多數(shù)或全部有保障的收入轉(zhuǎn)換為依靠回報(bào)率的投資。

13. There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing.那些聲稱可以進(jìn)行血統(tǒng)檢測的人，他們兜售的測試有一定的不準(zhǔn)確性

模塊三

1. During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities.在過去的十幾年里，美國那些曾經(jīng)可以依靠辛勤勞動和公平條件以維持其收入穩(wěn)定的中產(chǎn)階層家庭被經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和新現(xiàn)實(shí)改變了。

2. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity.格羅斯和萊維特主要挑那些質(zhì)疑科學(xué)客觀性的社會學(xué)家、哲學(xué)家和其他學(xué)者的毛病。

3. And the cost of computing power continues to fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon.計(jì)算能力的成本持續(xù)下降，這對任何建立了網(wǎng)上銷售的企業(yè)來說都是個(gè)好的征兆。

4. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient. 這解釋了我們看到像塑料垃圾袋和帶輪箱包之類令生活更便利但看似簡單的發(fā)明時(shí)的反應(yīng)。

5. What he saw both surprised and frightened him, for he saw dark spots on the sun which at once suggested to him that God had not made the world quite as perfect as he had previously believed. 他所看到的景象使他感到既吃驚又害怕,因?yàn)樗谔柹峡吹搅艘恍┖邳c(diǎn)，這使他立刻聯(lián)想到上帝創(chuàng)造的世界并不像他以前所相信的那么完美。

6. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive —— there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. 作為一名語言學(xué)家，他承認(rèn)所有人類語言，包括不標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的如黑人英語，都非常具有表現(xiàn)力—世界上所有語言或方言都可以表達(dá)復(fù)雜的思想。

7. In an office, figures, lists and information are compiled which tell the managers or heads of the business what is happening in their shops or factories. 在辦公室里，人們把各種數(shù)據(jù)，表格和信息進(jìn)行匯編，這些材料可以使企業(yè)的經(jīng)理或主管人員了解他的商店或工廠里所發(fā)生的事情

8. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by the information.從文章中可以推斷出來，如果一個(gè)歷史學(xué)家希望比較十五世紀(jì)以前一個(gè)十年的某個(gè)歐洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率與另外一個(gè)十年中的犯罪率，那么這些信息很可能能夠幫到他。

9. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company’s mountainous debt, which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close.(97’T4) 財(cái)政方面，列文承受著使股價(jià)升值，減少公司巨額債務(wù)的壓力。在兩筆新的有線電視交易談妥后，公司債務(wù)將達(dá)到173億美元。

10. Those who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed.那些能夠利用準(zhǔn)確、可靠和最新的信息來解決日常問題和工作的重要問題、以及社會與家庭問題的人們才能夠生存下去并且獲得成功。

11. The language of the Amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to write into the Constitution not a list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship that forbids organized society from treating any individual as a member of an inferior class.修正案的語言強(qiáng)烈地暗示，其制定者所意欲載入憲法的不是一張具體民法的細(xì)目清單，而是一種平等公民權(quán)的原則，這一原則禁止有組織的社會將任何一個(gè)個(gè)人作為劣等階層的成員來對待。

12. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies. 培訓(xùn)工人的有限投資更多地被狹隘的集中使用于完成下一個(gè)工作所必需的特殊技能的培訓(xùn)上，而不是用在能讓他們吸收新技術(shù)的基本技能的培訓(xùn)上。

13. Fresh outbreaks of coral bleaching, which occurs when rising temperature cause polyps to discard the tiny algae that give reefs their colours and which is linked by some scientists to the greenhouse effect, are being recorded.新爆發(fā)的珊瑚白化現(xiàn)象正在被記錄下來。當(dāng)不斷上升的溫度導(dǎo)致水蛭釋放出讓珊瑚著色的海藻時(shí)，珊瑚白化現(xiàn)象就會出現(xiàn)。一些科學(xué)家把珊瑚白化現(xiàn)象同溫室效應(yīng)聯(lián)系起來。

14. In 1963 Rose, a young American poet whom he had first met at Cambridge University in 1956,and who became his wife in the summer of the year, committed suicide.Rose 是一位年輕的美國詩人。1956年他在劍橋大學(xué)第一次見到Rose, 并在當(dāng)年的夏天娶了她。1963年，Rose 自殺身亡。

15. At three he knows about 1,000 words that he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar. 3歲的時(shí)候，孩子就能夠掌握約1000個(gè)詞并且用這些詞語組成句子，4歲的時(shí)候孩子的語言和父母在語法上基本沒有差別，只是語言風(fēng)格還不一樣。

16. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the black family encouraged the transmission of the black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. 特曼人令人信服地論辨道，黑人家庭的穩(wěn)定有助于包括民間傳說、音樂、及宗教表達(dá)在內(nèi)的黑人文化遺產(chǎn)一代一代傳遞下去，而對于這種文化遺產(chǎn)，黑奴們不斷地從其非洲和美洲的經(jīng)歷中予以豐富發(fā)展。

17. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.科學(xué)家需要對動物權(quán)利倡導(dǎo)者做出有力的回應(yīng)，因?yàn)樗麄兊难哉摶煜斯姷囊暵?從而威脅到衛(wèi)生知識和衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的進(jìn)步。

18. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.這就意味著要減少對北美市場的依賴，該市場的節(jié)目里包含了不同于我們的經(jīng)歷和文化傳統(tǒng)。

19. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.因此，現(xiàn)代世界已經(jīng)日益充斥著智能的裝置，雖然我們幾乎都注意不到他們，但他們的普遍存在卻節(jié)省了許多人類勞力。

20. I know the young couple from whose house the music is coming. 我認(rèn)識那對夫妻，音樂從他們的房間傳出來的。

21. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered cancer-causing genes , are inactive in normal cells. 在1970年代早期研究者們?nèi)〉昧撕艽蟮倪M(jìn)步,當(dāng)時(shí)他們發(fā)現(xiàn)致癌基因在正常細(xì)胞里是不活躍的。

22. It is difficult for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. 對于年齡在四十歲以下的普通讀者來說，很難甚至不可能想象到，當(dāng)時(shí)能夠在大部分城市報(bào)紙上找到質(zhì)量很高的文藝評論文章。

23. On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have likely done it out of curiosity or for sport. 當(dāng)他們把不醒人事的落水者推到海岸上時(shí)他們可能更多的處于好奇心或者是為了運(yùn)動。

24. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. 在夢中，一扇窗子打開了一個(gè)世界。在這個(gè)世界里，邏輯失去效用，死人開始說話。

25. The agency forwarded an endangerment finding to the White House, where senior officials promptly suppressed it, refusing even to open the e-mail to which it was attached. 這個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)向白宮遞交了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)報(bào)告。而白宮的高官們立刻隱匿了這份報(bào)告，甚至拒絕打開附有這份報(bào)告的電子郵件。

26. Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. 專家指出人按照固定的順序并在一定的年齡進(jìn)入說話階段，但也有開始說話晚，最后成為高智商者的例子。

27. This depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’s babbling (咿呀學(xué)語), grasping and smiling, and responds to them. (1993-TEXT1)這依賴于兒童與母親的交流，在此過程中，母親識別兒童咿呀學(xué)語，抓東西和微笑等的信號并對這些信號做出反應(yīng)。

28. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders that are generated by large companies.民權(quán)活動家一直認(rèn)為為什么黑人、西班牙裔和其他少數(shù)群體難以在生意上立足的主要原因之一是他們難以取得大公司所提供的大宗定單。

29. It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.這個(gè)理論得到了多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的認(rèn)同,但在實(shí)際操作中,它卻將鐵路部門處在一個(gè)決定哪些公司將會興盛哪些會衰敗的位置。

30. One day, he said, everyone would have a secure and private website on the internet on which their doctors could post their “scans, lab results, test results, visit minutes”.他說，有一天，每個(gè)人都將擁有一個(gè)安全的私人網(wǎng)頁，其醫(yī)生的掃描結(jié)果，化驗(yàn)報(bào)告，檢測結(jié)果和就診時(shí)間都可以張貼在這個(gè)網(wǎng)頁上。

31. One day, he said, everyone would have a secure and private website to which the owner could grant certain people access.他說，有一天，每個(gè)人都將擁有一個(gè)安全的私人網(wǎng)頁。其所有者可以授權(quán)某些人進(jìn)入到這個(gè)網(wǎng)頁。

32. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities are the aims of all social arrangements.我建議將我們的社會體系從一個(gè)官僚管理的工業(yè)化體系轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐匀藶楸镜墓I(yè)化體系。在前者中，最大化的生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)是最終的目標(biāo)，而在后者中，人類及其潛能的充分發(fā)展才是所有社會活動的目標(biāo)。

33. On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.另一方面,許多醫(yī)療團(tuán)體承認(rèn)安樂死協(xié)助的爭論升溫的部分原因是由于病人們的絕望情緒,對這些病人來說,現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)延長了臨終前肉體的痛苦。

34. Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned.確實(shí)，有證據(jù)表明：個(gè)人的遺忘率與他學(xué)習(xí)的量有直接關(guān)系。

35. There is the economic principle that the dependency ratio — the degree to which those who cannot earn depend for a living on those who can — is more advantageous in older societies like ours than in the younger societies of the developing world. 有這樣一條經(jīng)濟(jì)原則：撫養(yǎng)率——即不能賺錢養(yǎng)活自己的人對能掙錢養(yǎng)家的人的依賴程度——在我們這樣老齡化社會里比發(fā)展中世界的較年輕社會里要更有利。

36. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.但是并不意味著那些對毫無控制的工業(yè)發(fā)展表示憂慮的環(huán)境主義者也是反科學(xué)的，正如去年5月份一篇刊登在《美國新聞和世界報(bào)導(dǎo)》的文章似乎暗示過這樣的例子。

37. Meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion. “Our main end was to catch fish.” 與此同時(shí)，許多定居者并沒有戴恩那樣虔誠，就像一位牧師在海邊遇到一些人時(shí)聽到的那樣，那些人嘲弄說他們不是為了宗教來到新大陸的。"我們的主要目的是為了捕魚。"

38. The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.盡管事實(shí)上教書通常是知識分子的謀生手段，但知識分子的定義同時(shí)也排除了大部分教師。

39. Children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure.孩子們在現(xiàn)代家庭里面可能得到的監(jiān)管更少。 相比較來說在傳統(tǒng)的家庭結(jié)構(gòu)中，監(jiān)管更普遍一些。

40. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site.用戶可以定制自己想要接受的信息，然后直接進(jìn)入某個(gè)公司的網(wǎng)址

41. For example, when an American uses the word “friend,” the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture.例如，美國人所說的朋友一詞，其文化含義可能與旅行者語言和文化中的朋友大相徑庭。

42. The trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.我們通常稱之為天才的特性被高估了。

43. Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. 要試圖跟蹤發(fā)展嬰兒從發(fā)聲到初次說話,會導(dǎo)致相當(dāng)大的困難。

44. That sex ratio will be valid which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. 那種能在最大程度上增加一個(gè)個(gè)體所能擁有的后代數(shù)量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所傳遞到后代身上去的基因復(fù)制品的數(shù)量的性別比例是有效的。

45. Further ahead, by a combination of the great wealth this new age will bring and the technology it will provide, the construction of a vast, man-created world in space will be within our power.而且，通過這個(gè)時(shí)代所能帶來的巨大財(cái)富與它說能提供的先進(jìn)技術(shù)的結(jié)合，在外太空建造一個(gè)巨大的人造的世界是我們力所能及的。

模塊五

1. That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious activity called remembering. (1995-TEXT5)經(jīng)歷會影響以后的行為是我們稱之為記憶的一種明顯的活動的證據(jù)。

2. Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. (1994-Translation75)政府究竟是以減少對技術(shù)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入來增加對純理論科學(xué)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入，還是相反，這往往取決于人們把哪一方看作是驅(qū)動的力量。

3. What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings.當(dāng)然，這幾乎等于說：那位科學(xué)家成了他自己論文的受害者。

4. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real. (1998-TEXT2) 但更難以確定的是商業(yè)人士自認(rèn)為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的這場生產(chǎn)力革命是否確有其事。

5. What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”. 與猴子大腦相比，嬰兒大腦之所以特殊在于其復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)能使兒童把對玩具熊這樣具體事物的視覺及感覺與“玩具熊”這個(gè)詞語的聲音模式連接起來。

6. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today. (1995-TEXT3) 去哪里去尋求專家建議、以及如何決定接受哪些專家的建議是當(dāng)今人們面臨的問題。

7. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. (1995-Translation72) 這些測試將在多大程度上為后來的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適應(yīng)性，還取決于解釋這些信息的技能和才智。(how well 表程度，常常翻譯為“多么好，怎么樣，在多大程度上”)

8. It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers. 設(shè)想物體、判斷數(shù)字模式的能力如何使一個(gè)人能夠回答難倒了一些最杰出的詩人和哲學(xué)家的問題，這一點(diǎn)并不明顯。

9. It is also a fact that today many prejudices have disappeared, so that banks and other financial institutes make judgments on purely business considerations without caring if it is a man or a woman. (1990-TEXT2) 事實(shí)上，現(xiàn)今許多針對女性的歧視也消失了，銀行和其他的金融機(jī)構(gòu)的判斷完全是基于商業(yè)目的而不關(guān)心其員工的性別。

10. It is said that it is a woman’s task to care for the children, but families today tend to be small and with a year or two between children. (1988-TEXT3)據(jù)說/人們認(rèn)為，照顧孩子是女性的天職，但是如今的家庭規(guī)模變小，孩子之間的年齡僅相差一兩歲

11. It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. (1992 -Translation)人們普遍認(rèn)為，高智商的人有這樣一些特點(diǎn)：理解力強(qiáng)，辨別力強(qiáng)，邏輯推理能力強(qiáng)，并且在解決問題的過程中善于利用文字或數(shù)學(xué)符號。

12. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time, questions will arise that will require specific scientific answers.(這里that是一個(gè)主從，其中主語是questions,后面接有一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的定從，被謂語will arise隔開。)不過，可以預(yù)見的是，將來會經(jīng)常有需要科學(xué)給出特定回答的問題出現(xiàn)。

13. It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else.誰也弄不清為什么大學(xué)生好像比任何人都更喜歡惡作劇。

14. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years. (1998 -TEXT5) 從熱點(diǎn)地區(qū)的人口情況分析來看，非洲板塊似乎是靜止不動的，在過去3000萬年里都沒有移動過。

15. If cities are to remain pleasant places to live in at all, however, it seems imperative, not only that communications in transport should be improved, but also that communication between human beings should be kept smooth and polite. (1989-TEXT3) 然而，如果城市還打算保持其良好的居住環(huán)境，不僅運(yùn)輸工具要改進(jìn)，人類之間的交流也更有必要保持暢通和有禮貌，這一點(diǎn)十分必要。

16. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next. (00 text4)十年前，年輕人工作努力，將工作看做是生存的首要動力。然而，目前日本在很大程度上已經(jīng)滿足其經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要，年輕人反而不知道下一步的發(fā)展目標(biāo)。

17. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.但大腦研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)我們有意識地培養(yǎng)新的習(xí)慣，就創(chuàng)建了平行路徑，甚至是全新的腦細(xì)胞，可以讓我們思緒跳轉(zhuǎn)到新的創(chuàng)新軌道上。

18. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three.聯(lián)邦巡回法院頒布一項(xiàng)非同尋常的法令，稱此案將由該法院全部12位法官審理，而不是通常的三人小組。

19. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble.(1994年-TEXT 4) 第二，我們要決定是否在細(xì)胞中有有限的基因，這些基因至少要為這些麻煩負(fù)部分責(zé)任

20. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. 相反，我們對美國公民有個(gè)特定的觀念，即如果他不能恰當(dāng)?shù)卦u定自己的生計(jì)和幸福如何受到外界的影響，那么他就是不完整的。

21. If one considers the enormous variety of courses offered, it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to his interests and abilities. 如果一個(gè)人考慮到了提供的課程的龐大的種類，就不難理解對一個(gè)學(xué)生來說，選擇一個(gè)最適合自己興趣和能力的課程是多么困難的一件事。

22. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. 某些似乎跨越海洋的互相吻合的海岸線和地質(zhì)特征會提醒人們這兩個(gè)大陸曾經(jīng)在哪里連在一起。

23. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.這意味著更高比例的海洋生物正在被人類捕撈,所以現(xiàn)在和過去(海洋環(huán)境)的差別可能比捕撈大小的變化記錄下來的的差別更大。

24. You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from nature certain natural laws and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories (1993 Translation) 你們都多次聽說過，科學(xué)家是用歸納法和演繹法工作的，而且從某種意義上來說，他們依靠這種方法力求從自然界歸納出某些自然規(guī)律，然后根據(jù)這些規(guī)律，用自己的某種非同一般的本領(lǐng)，建立起他們的理論。

25. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources. (1995 Structure and Vocabulary19) 有那么一些人，他們認(rèn)為值得懷疑的是：這些與防御有關(guān)的研究項(xiàng)目是否是生活水平改善的原因，或者從另一方面來說，這些研究項(xiàng)目是否可以為保護(hù)我們?nèi)找鏈p少的資源作出很大貢獻(xiàn)。

26. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. 如果好人無所作為，一群不明真相的公眾真的有可能撲滅醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)步的寶貴火種。

27. Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. 譯文:這類人持極端看法，認(rèn)為人與動物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同，對待動物無須考慮道德問題。

28. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. 在 2005 年，IBM 在向法院提交的文件中指出，它已經(jīng)被授予超過 300 的商業(yè)方法專利，盡管事實(shí)上它也質(zhì)授予這些專利的法律依據(jù)。

29. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. 多年以來，經(jīng)理們和獵頭們都遵循這樣一個(gè)原則：最有吸引力的CEO的侯選人是那些需要“挖”來的人

30. Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts. 有人表示擔(dān)心，證人可能會受到鼓勵，為了確保有罪的裁定而在法庭上夸大其辭。

31. “The most likely explanation, it seems to me,” said Dr. Mead, “is that they are simply watching what we are up to -- that responsible society outside our solar system is keeping an eye on us to see that we don’t set in motion a chain reaction that might have unexpected effects for outside our solar system.”(1989-TEXT1)米德博士稱“在我看來，最可能的解釋是他們只不過是看看我們在做什么——我們太陽系之外有責(zé)任心的社會正留意著我們，以確保我們不會觸發(fā)某種連鎖反應(yīng)，從而給太陽系之外的星系造成意想不到的影響。”