2020考研英語(yǔ)沖刺押題：閱讀理解預(yù)測(cè)（四）

　　眾所周知，在考研英語(yǔ)中，得閱讀者，得英語(yǔ)，考研英語(yǔ)閱讀是分值最高的一考題，所以考生需要掌握大量的詞匯，同時(shí)要有豐富的閱讀經(jīng)驗(yàn)，尤其是外刊雜志。所以今天給大家整理了來(lái)自于英美國(guó)家的報(bào)刊雜志文章，進(jìn)行2020考研英語(yǔ)閱讀預(yù)測(cè)，希望對(duì)大家有幫助。

　　原文期刊：科學(xué)美國(guó)人

　　原文標(biāo)題：Risky Teen Behavior Is Driven by an Imbalance in Brain Development

　　文章指出青少年大腦與兒童、成人的大腦均不同，具有可塑性這一特質(zhì)，且大腦不同腦區(qū)的成熟速度不一致，導(dǎo)致青少年一方面易沖動(dòng)、愛(ài)冒險(xiǎn)，另一方面又有快速適應(yīng)環(huán)境的能力。對(duì)青少年大腦的深入了解將有助于父母和社會(huì)學(xué)會(huì)分辨青春期典型行為與精神疾病，從而幫助青少年健康成長(zhǎng)。本文屬科普類(lèi)文章，探討的對(duì)象為青少年大腦這一研究熱點(diǎn)，從青春期行為入手，話題有吸引力，值得一讀。

　　PART 1

　　原文

　　I①Neuroscientists have explained the risky, aggressive or just plain baffling behavior of teenagers as the product of a brain that is somehow compromised. ②Groundbreaking research in the past 10 years, however, shows that this view is wrong. ③The teen brain is not defective.④It is not a half-baked adult brain, either. ⑤It has been forged by evolution to function differently from that of a child or an adult.

　　II①Foremost among the teen brain’s features is its ability to change in response to the environment by modifying the communication networks that connect brain regions. ②This special changeability, or plasticity, is a double-edged sword. ③It allows teenagers to make enormous strides in thinking and socialization. ④But the morphing landscape also makes them vulnerable to dangerous behaviors and serious mental disorders.

　　III①The most recent studies indicate that the riskiest behaviors arise from a mismatch between the maturation of networks in the limbic system, which drives emotions and intensifies at puberty, and the maturation of networks in the prefrontal cortex, which occurs later and promotes sound judgment and the control of impulses. ②Indeed, we now know that the prefrontal cortex continues to change prominently until well into a person’s 20s. ③And yet puberty seems to be starting earlier, extending the “mismatch years.”

　　IV①The plasticity of networks linking brain regions —— and not the growth of those regions, as previously thought —— is key to eventually behaving like an adult. ②Understanding that, and knowing that a widening gap between the development of emotional and judgment networks is happening in young people today, can help parents, teachers, counselors and teenagers themselves. ③People will better see that behaviors such as risk taking, sensation seeking, and turning away from parents and toward peers are not signs of cognitive or emotional problems.④They are a natural result of brain development, a normal part of adolescents learning how to negotiate a complex world.

　　V①The same understanding can also help adults decide when to intervene. ②A 15-year-old girl’s departure from her parents’ tastes in clothing, music or politics may be a source of consternation for Mom and Dad but does not indicate mental illness. ③A 16-year-old boy’s propensity to skateboard without a helmet or to accept risky dares from friends is not trivial but is more likely a manifestation of short-range thinking and peer pressure than a desire to hurt himself. ④Other exploratory and aggressive actions might be red flags, however.⑤Knowing more about the unique teen brain will help all of us learn how to separate unusual behavior that is age-appropriate from that which might indicate illness. ⑥Such awareness could help society reduce the rates of teen addiction, sexually transmitted diseases, motor vehicle accidents, unwanted pregnancy, homicide, depression and suicide.

　　PART 2

　　詞匯短語(yǔ)

　　1. *baffling ['bæf(?)l??] adj. 令人困惑的

　　2. compromise ['k?mpr?ma?z] v. 妥協(xié);危及，損害

　　3. defective [d?'fekt?v] adj. 有缺陷的

　　4. plasticity [plæ'st?s?t?] n. 可塑性

　　5. stride [stra?d] n. 大步;進(jìn)步

　　6. maturation [mætj?'re??(?)n] n. 成熟

　　7. limbic system 邊緣系統(tǒng)

　　8. *puberty ['pju?b?t?] n.青春期

　　9. *prefrontal cortex 前額皮質(zhì)

　　10. sensation [sen'se??(?)n] n. 感覺(jué);轟動(dòng)

　　11. negotiate [n?'g????e?t] v. 協(xié)商;順利通過(guò)

　　12. *consternation [k?nst?'ne??(?)n] n. 驚恐，驚慌

　　13. *propensity [pr?'pens?t?] n. 傾向

　　14. *homicide ['h?m?sa?d] n. 殺人

　　15. double-edged sword n. 雙刃劍

　　(標(biāo)*為超綱詞匯)

　　PART 3

　　翻譯點(diǎn)評(píng)

　　I①Neuroscientists have explained the risky, aggressive or just plain baffling behavior of teenagers as the product of a brain that is somehow compromised. ②Groundbreaking research in the past 10 years, however, shows that this view is wrong. ③The teen brain is not defective.④It is not a half-baked adult brain, either. ⑤It has been forged by evolution to function differently from that of a child or an adult.

　　翻譯：青少年不時(shí)表現(xiàn)出危險(xiǎn)的或攻擊性的舉動(dòng)，他們的很多行為常常令人大惑不解。神經(jīng)科學(xué)家們?cè)欢日J(rèn)為這是大腦受損的結(jié)果。然而，過(guò)去十年間的突破性研究表明這一觀點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的。青少年大腦并非存有缺陷，也不是尚未成熟的成人大腦。相反，它是進(jìn)化過(guò)程的產(chǎn)物，與兒童和成人大腦的活動(dòng)方式均不同。

　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：段I開(kāi)篇點(diǎn)題，指出青少年大腦是與兒童和成人大腦都截然不同的獨(dú)特大腦。句①指出神經(jīng)學(xué)家對(duì)青春期叛逆行為的舊有解釋?zhuān)瑸楹笪男掠^點(diǎn)的提出做鋪墊。②③④⑤句轉(zhuǎn)而對(duì)①句的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行否定，指出青春期大腦的獨(dú)特性，引出全文探討的話題：青春期大腦。②句直接指出①句的觀點(diǎn)有誤，however一詞明示句意轉(zhuǎn)折。③④⑤句說(shuō)明研究新發(fā)現(xiàn)，③④句先用兩個(gè)否定句is not…和is not…either顛覆舊有認(rèn)知，引起讀者好奇心，⑤句正面提出青少年大腦是進(jìn)化的產(chǎn)物，與兒童和成人的大腦均不同。

　　II①Foremost among the teen brain’s features is its ability to change in response to the environment by modifying the communication networks that connect brain regions. ②This special changeability, or plasticity, is a double-edged sword. ③It allows teenagers to make enormous strides in thinking and socialization. ④But the morphing landscape also makes them vulnerable to dangerous behaviors and serious mental disorders.

　　翻譯：青少年大腦最為顯著的特點(diǎn)是其能通過(guò)調(diào)整腦區(qū)間的網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接以適應(yīng)環(huán)境變化。這種特殊的可變性，或者說(shuō)可塑性，是一把雙刃劍。它可以使青少年的思考和社交能力突飛猛進(jìn)。然而，這種變化也容易滋長(zhǎng)危險(xiǎn)行為，使他們?nèi)菀谆忌蠂?yán)重的精神障礙。

　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：段II指出青少年大腦的特性之一：可塑性，并說(shuō)明這一特性有利有弊。①句承上啟下，teen brain’s features呼應(yīng)上段末句function differently，同時(shí)也是段落主旨句，by后所接方式狀語(yǔ)具體說(shuō)明青少年大腦如何隨環(huán)境變化。②句指出上述特性是一把雙刃劍，既有利又有弊(a double-edged sword，雙刃劍，寫(xiě)作亮點(diǎn)詞匯)，changeability和plasticity指代①句ability to…，實(shí)現(xiàn)句間銜接。③④句對(duì)②句補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，分別指出利弊所在。

　　III①The most recent studies indicate that the riskiest behaviors arise from a mismatch between the maturation of networks in the limbic system, which drives emotions and intensifies at puberty, and the maturation of networks in the prefrontal cortex, which occurs later and promotes sound judgment and the control of impulses. ②Indeed, we now know that the prefrontal cortex continues to change prominently until well into a person’s 20s. ③And yet puberty seems to be starting earlier, extending the “mismatch years.”

　　翻譯：最近的研究表明，青少年最為危險(xiǎn)的行為源于邊緣系統(tǒng)的腦組織與前額皮質(zhì)腦組織的成熟期不一致，前者引起情緒反應(yīng)，在青春期時(shí)快速發(fā)育成熟，而負(fù)責(zé)理智判斷和沖動(dòng)控制的后者發(fā)育較晚。實(shí)際上，我們現(xiàn)已知道人類(lèi)的前額皮質(zhì)直到20多歲還在不斷發(fā)生顯著變化。而如今，青春期似乎越來(lái)越提前，使得這段“不一致時(shí)間”比以前更長(zhǎng)。

　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：段III指出最新研究表明大腦邊緣系統(tǒng)與前額皮質(zhì)的成熟速度不一致，導(dǎo)致青春期的危險(xiǎn)行為。①句為過(guò)渡句，the riskiest behaviors承接上文vulnerable to dangerous behaviors。本句主要信息為the riskiest behaviors arise from a mismatch between the maturation of networks in the limbic system and the maturation of networks in the prefrontal cortex，兩個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)limbic system和prefrontal cortex的功能和成熟時(shí)間作補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。②③句進(jìn)一步指出兩者成熟的時(shí)間跨度在不斷擴(kuò)大。

　　IV①The plasticity of networks linking brain regions —— and not the growth of those regions, as previously thought —— is key to eventually behaving like an adult. ②Understanding that, and knowing that a widening gap between the development of emotional and judgment networks is happening in young people today, can help parents, teachers, counselors and teenagers themselves. ③People will better see that behaviors such as risk taking, sensation seeking, and turning away from parents and toward peers are not signs of cognitive or emotional problems.④They are a natural result of brain development, a normal part of adolescents learning how to negotiate a complex world.

　　翻譯：各腦區(qū)間連接網(wǎng)絡(luò)的可塑性——而非之前所認(rèn)為的腦區(qū)的成長(zhǎng)成熟——是青少年最終是否成年的關(guān)鍵。理解這一點(diǎn)，并意識(shí)到如今青少年大腦中控制情感與判斷的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)育程度在不斷擴(kuò)大，將對(duì)父母、老師、輔導(dǎo)員和青少年自身都大有幫助。人們將能更正確地看待冒險(xiǎn)、尋求刺激、疏遠(yuǎn)父母、轉(zhuǎn)向同伴等行為，認(rèn)識(shí)到這些行為并非認(rèn)知和情感問(wèn)題的表現(xiàn)，而是大腦發(fā)育的自然結(jié)果，是青少年學(xué)習(xí)如何適應(yīng)復(fù)雜世界的正常行為。

　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：段IV和段V指出研究新發(fā)現(xiàn)的意義。段IV指出意義之一：認(rèn)識(shí)到青少年大腦的可塑性與不同腦區(qū)的成熟時(shí)間差異有助于父母、老師和青少年正確認(rèn)識(shí)青春期的種種行為。句①指出腦區(qū)間連接網(wǎng)絡(luò)的可塑性是決定青少年是否成年的關(guān)鍵，破折號(hào)中為插入語(yǔ)，指出以往的錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)識(shí)。句②指出上述認(rèn)識(shí)(II、III段)的意義，句中that指代①句，emotional and judgment networks指代III段中networks in the limbic system和networks in the prefrontal cortex。③④句補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明②句，指出青春期的諸多叛逆行為并非認(rèn)知或情感出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題，而是大腦發(fā)育的自然結(jié)果。

　　V①The same understanding can also help adults decide when to intervene. ②A 15-year-old girl’s departure from her parents’ tastes in clothing, music or politics may be a source of consternation for Mom and Dad but does not indicate mental illness. ③A 16-year-old boy’s propensity to skateboard without a helmet or to accept risky dares from friends is not trivial but is more likely a manifestation of short-range thinking and peer pressure than a desire to hurt himself. ④Other exploratory and aggressive actions might be red flags, however.⑤Knowing more about the unique teen brain will help all of us learn how to separate unusual behavior that is age-appropriate from that which might indicate illness. ⑥Such awareness could help society reduce the rates of teen addiction, sexually transmitted diseases, motor vehicle accidents, unwanted pregnancy, homicide, depression and suicide.

　　翻譯：上述認(rèn)識(shí)還可以幫助成年人決定何時(shí)作出干預(yù)。一位15歲女孩違背父母的穿著、音樂(lè)和政治品味，可能會(huì)讓她的父母感到驚慌，但這并不意味著她患上了精神疾病。一個(gè)16歲男孩喜歡不戴頭盔玩滑板，或是總是接受朋友的冒險(xiǎn)挑戰(zhàn)，雖然這些并非無(wú)關(guān)緊要，但更有可能只是缺乏遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)或迫于同輩壓力的體現(xiàn)，而不是想要傷害自己。然而，其他一些探索性和攻擊性行為可能就是危險(xiǎn)信號(hào)。了解更多青少年大腦的獨(dú)特性將幫助我們學(xué)會(huì)分辨這些異常行為是符合年齡的舉動(dòng)還是疾病的征兆，也將幫助社會(huì)降低青少年成癮、性傳播疾病、機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)事故、意外懷孕、殺人、抑郁和自殺的比率。

　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：段V承接上段②句，繼續(xù)說(shuō)明文中的兩點(diǎn)認(rèn)識(shí)將如何幫助父母和社會(huì)。①句指出意義之二：幫助成年人決定干預(yù)時(shí)機(jī)，intervene，If you intervene in a situation, you become involved in it and try to change it. 干預(yù)。②③④句具體補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明①句，分別舉例指出何種行為是青春期的正常行為，何種行為應(yīng)引起注意。⑤句總結(jié)②③④句。⑥句呼應(yīng)①句，指出通過(guò)成年人的干預(yù)可以幫助青少年健康成長(zhǎng)，幫助社會(huì)減少青少年成癮等危險(xiǎn)行為的比率。

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