2020考研英語(yǔ)沖刺押題：閱讀理解預(yù)測(cè)（三）

　　眾所周知，在考研英語(yǔ)中，得閱讀者，得英語(yǔ)，考研英語(yǔ)閱讀是分值最高的一考題，所以考生需要掌握大量的詞匯，同時(shí)要有豐富的閱讀經(jīng)驗(yàn)，尤其是外刊雜志。所以今天給大家整理了來(lái)自于英美國(guó)家的報(bào)刊雜志文章，進(jìn)行2020考研英語(yǔ)閱讀預(yù)測(cè)，希望對(duì)大家有幫助。

　　《衛(wèi)報(bào)》，是考研英語(yǔ)閱讀四大話題之一的“文化歷史教育類”。請(qǐng)大家仔細(xì)閱讀文章，學(xué)會(huì)快速抓住文章大意和段落大意，區(qū)分細(xì)節(jié)和關(guān)鍵信息句，以此來(lái)提高閱讀技能。

　　原文期刊：衛(wèi)報(bào)

　　原文標(biāo)題：The Guardian view on the ethics of AI: it’s about Dr Frankenstein, not his monster

　　本文來(lái)自2018年6月12日 《衛(wèi)報(bào)》的 一篇文章。本文主要針對(duì)事件“Google將AI應(yīng)用于軍事領(lǐng)域，引發(fā)員工強(qiáng)烈抗議”，探討AI倫理道德問(wèn)題，指出其本質(zhì)在于創(chuàng)造、使用AI的人。

　　行文脈絡(luò)：引出話題(第一段)——提出新事件(第二段)——評(píng)述事件(第三段)——表明觀點(diǎn)(第四段)。

　　PART 1

　　原文

　　I ①Frankenstein’s monster *haunts discussions of the ethics of artificial intelligence: the fear is that scientists will create something that has purposes and even desires of its own and which will carry them out at the expense of human beings. ②This is a misleading picture because it suggests that there will be a moment at which the monster comes alive: the switch is thrown, the program run, and after that its human creators can do nothing more. ③In real life there will be no such *singularity. ④Construction of AI and its *deployment will be continuous processes, with humans involved and to some extent responsible at every step.

　　II ①This is what makes Google’s declarations of ethical principles for its use of AI so significant, because it seems to be the result of a *revolt among the company’s programmers. ②The senior management at Google saw the supply of AI to the Pentagon as a goldmine, if only it could be kept from public knowledge. ③'Avoid at all costs any mention or implication of AI,' wrote Google Cloud's chief scientist for AI in a *memo. ④'I don't know what would happen if the media starts picking up a theme that Google is secretly building AI weapons or AI technologies to enable weapons for the Defense industry.'

　　III ①That, of course, is exactly what the company had been doing. ②Google had been subcontracting for the Pentagon on Project Maven, which was meant to bring the benefits of AI to war-fighting. ③Then the media found out and more than 3,000 of its own employees protested. ④Only two things frighten the tech giants: one is the stock market; the other is an organised workforce. ⑤The employees’ agitation led to Google announcing six principles of ethical AI, among them that it will not make weapons systems, or technologies whose purpose, or use in *surveillance, violates international principles of human rights. ⑥This still leaves a huge intentional exception: profiting from “*non-lethal” defence technology.

　　IV ①Obviously we cannot expect all companies, still less all programmers, to show this kind of ethical *fine-tuning. ②Other companies will bid for Pentagon business in the US: Google had to beat IBM, Amazon and Microsoft to gain the Maven contract. ③But in all these cases, the companies involved – which means the people who work for them – will be actively involved in maintaining, *tweaking and improving the work. ④This opens an opportunity for consistent ethical pressure and for the attribution of responsibility to human beings and not to *inanimate objects. ⑤Questions about the ethics of artificial intelligence are questions about the ethics of the people who make it and the purposes they put it to. ⑥It is not the monster, but the good Dr Frankenstein we need to worry about most.

　　PART 2

　　詞匯短語(yǔ)

　　1.*haunt [h?:nt] v. 常出現(xiàn)于;(長(zhǎng)期)困擾

　　2.ethics ['eθ?ks] n. 倫理學(xué);倫理觀;道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

　　3.artificial intelligence 人工智能(簡(jiǎn)稱AI)

　　4.at the expense of 以……為代價(jià)

　　5.misleading [m?s'li:d??] a. 令人誤解的

　　6.*singularity [s??gj?'lær?t?] n. 稀有;異常，奇怪

　　7.*deployment [di:'pl??m?nt] n. 調(diào)度，部署

　　8.*revolt [r?'v??lt] n. 反抗;叛亂

　　9.goldmine ['g?uldmain] n. 金礦;大財(cái)源;寶庫(kù)

　　10.implication [?mpl?'ke??(?)n] n. 暗示

　　11.*memo ['mem??] n. 備忘錄

　　12.subcontract [s?bk?n'trækt] v. 轉(zhuǎn)包，分包

　　13.workforce ['w?:kf?:s] n. 全體員工

　　14.agitation [æd??'te???n] n. 鼓動(dòng)、煽動(dòng)

　　15.*surveillance [s?'ve?l?ns] n. 監(jiān)督;監(jiān)視

　　16.*lethal ['li:θ?l] a. 致命的，致死的

　　17.*non-lethal a. 非致死的

　　18.*fine-tuning ['fain'tju:ni?] n. 調(diào)整

　　19.bid for 投標(biāo)，出價(jià)

　　20.*tweak [twi:k] v. 稍稍調(diào)整(機(jī)器、系統(tǒng)等)

　　21.attribution [,ætr?'bju:??n] n. 歸屬

　　22.*inanimate [?n'æn?m?t] a. 無(wú)生命的，無(wú)生氣的

　　(注:標(biāo)*號(hào)為超綱詞)

　　PART 3

　　翻譯點(diǎn)評(píng)

　　I ①Frankenstein’s monster *haunts discussions of the ethics of artificial intelligence: the fear is that scientists will create something that has purposes and even desires of its own and which will carry them out at the expense of human beings. ②This is a misleading picture because it suggests that there will be a moment at which the monster comes alive: the switch is thrown, the program run, and after that its human creators can do nothing more. ③In real life there will be no such *singularity. ④Construction of AI and its *deployment will be continuous processes, with humans involved and to some extent responsible at every step.

　　翻譯：在討論AI倫理時(shí)，經(jīng)常會(huì)提到弗蘭肯斯坦((博士創(chuàng)造出來(lái))的怪物：人們擔(dān)心科學(xué)家會(huì)創(chuàng)造出有目的甚至有欲望的東西，不惜以犧牲人類為代價(jià)來(lái)達(dá)到自身目的。這種想法極具誤導(dǎo)性，因?yàn)樗凳局谀硞€(gè)時(shí)刻，怪物會(huì)活過(guò)來(lái)：扔掉開(kāi)關(guān)，運(yùn)行程序，之后人類創(chuàng)造者再也無(wú)能為力。(然而)在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，是不會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種天方夜譚的。AI的開(kāi)發(fā)和使用將是一個(gè)持續(xù)的過(guò)程，人類參與其中，并在一定程度上對(duì)每一步驟負(fù)責(zé)。

　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：I段引出全文話題：AI技術(shù)的安全問(wèn)題。①句先從“科學(xué)怪物”引入：AI會(huì)不會(huì)像科學(xué)怪人一樣失控，威脅人類?②③句回答，②句回答：不會(huì);③句解釋原因：AI的開(kāi)發(fā)和使用是一個(gè)持續(xù)的過(guò)程，人類參與整個(gè)過(guò)程，且對(duì)每一步驟負(fù)責(zé)。

　　II ①This is what makes Google’s declarations of ethical principles for its use of AI so significant, because it seems to be the result of a *revolt among the company’s programmers. ②The senior management at Google saw the supply of AI to the Pentagon as a goldmine, if only it could be kept from public knowledge. ③'Avoid at all costs any mention or implication of AI,' wrote Google Cloud's chief scientist for AI in a *memo. ④'I don't know what would happen if the media starts picking up a theme that Google is secretly building AI weapons or AI technologies to enable weapons for the Defense industry.'

　　翻譯：這使得Google宣布AI使用的道德原則顯得至關(guān)重要，因?yàn)檫@似乎是公司內(nèi)部程序員反抗的結(jié)果。Google管理高層(認(rèn)為)，只要能夠瞞得住公眾，為五角大樓提供AI將是一座金礦。“要不惜一切代價(jià)避免任何提及或暗示AI(的話語(yǔ))，”Google云AI首席科學(xué)家在備忘錄中寫道，“我不知道如果媒體開(kāi)始挑起話題，大做文章，說(shuō)Google為國(guó)防工業(yè)秘密制造AI武器、研發(fā)AI技術(shù)，將會(huì)發(fā)生什么”。

　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：II段提出事件：Google將AI用于軍事領(lǐng)域，引發(fā)員工抗議，繼而提出AI使用的道德原則。①句開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山，提出事件并交代緣由;②句解釋Google高層將AI用于軍事原因;③④句指出Google的擔(dān)憂，暗含該事件可能造成的后果，呼應(yīng)①句提出AI的道德原則。

　　III ①That, of course, is exactly what the company had been doing. ②Google had been subcontracting for the Pentagon on Project Maven, which was meant to bring the benefits of AI to war-fighting. ③Then the media found out and more than 3,000 of its own employees protested. ④Only two things frighten the tech giants: one is the stock market; the other is an organised workforce. ⑤The employees’ agitation led to Google announcing six principles of ethical AI, among them that it will not make weapons systems, or technologies whose purpose, or use in *surveillance, violates international principles of human rights. ⑥This still leaves a huge intentional exception: profiting from “*non-lethal” defence technology.

　　翻譯：當(dāng)然，這正是Google一直在做的事情。一直以來(lái)，Google都在為五角大樓的“Maven項(xiàng)目”轉(zhuǎn)包合同，意在將AI的成果用于實(shí)戰(zhàn)。隨后，(事情敗露，被)媒體發(fā)現(xiàn)，3000多名員工集體抗議。(而真正)嚇到科技巨頭的只有兩件事：一是股票市場(chǎng);二是有組織的勞動(dòng)力。員工的聯(lián)合抗議致使Google宣布六項(xiàng)AI道德原則，其中包括絕不制造武器系統(tǒng)，絕不開(kāi)發(fā)用于監(jiān)視的技術(shù)，違反國(guó)際人權(quán)原則。(不過(guò)，)這仍故意遺漏了重要問(wèn)題，即從“非致死性”防御技術(shù)中獲益。

　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：III段評(píng)述事件：Google提出AI使用的道德原則另有原因，且遺漏重要問(wèn)題。①②句具體解釋事件;③句點(diǎn)明事情敗露后果，呼應(yīng)II段;④-⑥句評(píng)述Google做法：提出AI使用道德原則;④⑤句指出Google提出該道德原則另有原因;⑥句評(píng)述AI使用道德原則：遺漏重大問(wèn)題。

　　IV ①Obviously we cannot expect all companies, still less all programmers, to show this kind of ethical *fine-tuning. ②Other companies will bid for Pentagon business in the US: Google had to beat IBM, Amazon and Microsoft to gain the Maven contract. ③But in all these cases, the companies involved – which means the people who work for them – will be actively involved in maintaining, *tweaking and improving the work. ④This opens an opportunity for consistent ethical pressure and for the attribution of responsibility to human beings and not to *inanimate objects. ⑤Questions about the ethics of artificial intelligence are questions about the ethics of the people who make it and the purposes they put it to. ⑥It is not the monster, but the good Dr Frankenstein we need to worry about most.

　　翻譯：顯然，我們不能指望所有公司，更不能指望所有程序員，都表現(xiàn)出這種道德的微調(diào)。其他公司(也)將競(jìng)購(gòu)五角大樓在美業(yè)務(wù)：(因此)Google要想獲得Maven項(xiàng)目的合同，就必須先擊敗IBM、Amazon和Microsoft。而在以上所有案例中，涉及到的公司，也就是為其工作的人，都將積極參與，(負(fù)責(zé))維護(hù)、調(diào)整和改進(jìn)的工作。這為持續(xù)的道德施壓以及責(zé)任歸屬，聚焦到人類而不是無(wú)生命的物體身上提供了機(jī)會(huì)。AI的倫理問(wèn)題其實(shí)就是AI制造者的道德問(wèn)題以及AI的使用目的問(wèn)題。我們要擔(dān)心的不是(AI)怪物，而是弗蘭肯斯坦博士(制造AI的人)的好壞。

　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：表明觀點(diǎn)：AI倫理核心焦點(diǎn)在于人。①②首先指出：各大科技公司在爭(zhēng)相以AI獲利。③④句隨后轉(zhuǎn)而指出：但涉入其中的人員應(yīng)該積極改善，關(guān)注道德問(wèn)題。⑤⑥句最后概括指出：AI道德問(wèn)題實(shí)際上是“那些制造使用它的人們的道德問(wèn)題”，我們要擔(dān)心的不是“科學(xué)怪人”，而是“好的博士”(制造科學(xué)怪人的人)

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