2020考研英語語法代詞詳解之:不定代詞
在考研路上英語復(fù)習(xí)一直是一道難以跨越的砍,沖刺階段,不管是閱讀翻譯還是寫作都要把握好語法句式。其中一些重點(diǎn)語法考察頻率很高,因此各位考生要予以重視。下面小編給大家詳細(xì)講解一下考研英語九大代詞語法之:【不定代詞】,希望可以對(duì)同學(xué)們的復(fù)習(xí)能有所幫助!
不定代詞
(一)both,all
1. both用于兩者,all用于三者及三者以上,其后接名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),在句中可作主語、賓語、定語和同位語。
例句: Similar elements in the prehistoric remains from both areas suggest that Indians and their neighbors had maintained distant but real connections even before 1,500 BC.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,suggest是主句的謂語動(dòng)詞,that Indians and their neighbors...是一個(gè)賓語從句。
譯文: 來自兩個(gè)地區(qū)的史前遺跡中的類似成分表明: 印度人和他們的鄰居甚至在公元前1500年前就維持著遙遠(yuǎn)但真實(shí)的聯(lián)系。
例句: In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization — with all the far reaching changes in social patterns that followed — was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. (2000年第74題)
分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句,whereas連接兩個(gè)并列分句,其中前一個(gè)分句的主句部分為the process of industrialization was spread over nearly a century,而介詞短語with...為主語補(bǔ)足語,定語從句that followed修飾changes。
譯文: 在早先實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國家中,其工業(yè)化進(jìn)程以及隨之而來的對(duì)社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)有深遠(yuǎn)影響的變革延續(xù)了將近一個(gè)世紀(jì),而現(xiàn)如今,一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家只用十年左右的時(shí)間就可以經(jīng)歷同樣的過程。
2. all作代詞時(shí),其后謂語動(dòng)詞可以是單數(shù)也可以是復(fù)數(shù)。
例句: All the information we have collected in relation to that case adds up to very little.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主干部分是All the information...adds up to very little,we have collected in relation to that case 是修飾the information的定語從句。
譯文: 我們搜集到的與那件事有關(guān)的所有信息都是沒有意義的。
例句: All but he and I are going to attend the meeting.
譯文: 除了我和他之外,所有人都去開會(huì)了。
3. both,all,every和not連用時(shí)表示部分否定。
例句:But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain” ) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. (選自2005年Text 3)
分析: 該句是由分號(hào)及while連接的并列句,分號(hào)相當(dāng)于連詞and,not all...表示部分否定。
譯文: 但并不是大腦的所有部分都參與活動(dòng),控制情緒的大腦部位異?;钴S,然而控制智力和推理能力的前額皮質(zhì)卻相對(duì)平靜。
例句: Not everyone sees that process in perspective. (選自2002年Use of English)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。
譯文: 不是每個(gè)人都能正確看待這個(gè)過程。
(二)either, neither, any, each, none, every, some
1. either和neither是一對(duì)反義詞,表示“兩者中任何一個(gè)都(不)”,作名詞或形容詞。
用法為:
either (neither) of the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)
either (neither)+單數(shù)名詞+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)
如:Either/Neither of these stories (either/neither story) he told us is as attractive and instructive as that one.
例句: Neither kind of sleep is at all wellunderstood, but REM (rapid eye movements) sleep is assumed to serve some restorative function of the brain.
分析: 該句是并列句。
譯文: 人們對(duì)這兩種睡眠都沒有完全了解,但認(rèn)為快速眼動(dòng)睡眠有使大腦恢復(fù)的功能。
2. either指兩者中的任何一個(gè),僅限兩者,而each用于兩者以上;either和both可互換使用,但both強(qiáng)調(diào)整體。
例句: The relationship between Latin American music and black music in the United States is evident in the unaccented beats that are common to either/both.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語從句that are common to either/both修飾beats。
譯文: 拉丁美洲音樂同美國黑人音樂的關(guān)系明顯地表現(xiàn)在這兩種音樂各自存在著無重音節(jié)拍這一共同點(diǎn)上。
例句: We also expect each place to be appropriate to its use.
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。
譯文: 我們也希望每個(gè)地方都恰如其分。
3. any和none是一對(duì)反義詞,表示“三者或三者以上中的任何一個(gè)都(不)”,其后謂語動(dòng)詞 的單復(fù)數(shù)參看例句。
例句: Although Professor Green's lectures usually run over the fifty minute period, none of his students ever object(s) as they find his lectures both informative and interesting.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 雖然格林教授的課通常超過規(guī)定的50分鐘,但他的學(xué)生從無一人表示反對(duì),因?yàn)樗麄儼l(fā)現(xiàn)格林的課既富有知識(shí)性又有趣。
例句: If any man here does not agree with me, he should put forward his own plan of improving the living conditions of these people.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 如果在座的有人不贊成我的觀點(diǎn),那么他就應(yīng)該提出他自己的改善這些人生活條件的方案。
4. any和some的主要區(qū)別在于any用于否定句、條件句和疑問句;some用于肯定句,表示期待對(duì)方的肯定答復(fù)或以問句形式向?qū)Ψ教岢鲆蠡蜓?qǐng)。
例句: He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any reliance on what he promises. (1997年第23題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 他多次辜負(fù)了我的期望,以至于我不再相信他作出的任何承諾。
例句: The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. (選自2008年Use of English)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分是The idea is one of those hypotheses。that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others是idea的同位語從句,that dare not speak its name是hypotheses的定語從句。
譯文: 認(rèn)為某些群體的智商要高于其他群體是一個(gè)無人敢說出來的假想。
5. every只能用作形容詞,everyone指人,而every one既可以指物也可以指人。
例句: Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of practically every business operation in the whole country. (1998年第32題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,本句隱含了一個(gè)與現(xiàn)在情況相反的虛擬語氣,Without telephone相 當(dāng)于if there were no telephone。
譯文: 如果沒有電話,全國幾乎所有的商業(yè)運(yùn)作都不可能正常進(jìn)行。
例句: There is an incorrect assumption among scientists and medical people that everyone agrees on what constitutes a benefit to an individual.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that everyone agrees on...作assumption的同位語從句,what constitutes a benefit to an individual作介詞on的賓語。
譯文: 科學(xué)家和醫(yī)務(wù)人員普遍持有一種不正確的假設(shè),即:人們?cè)谑裁礃?gòu)成了個(gè)人利益問題上意見一致。
(三)one,the other和another
1. 兩者中一個(gè)用one表示,另一個(gè)用the other表示,不定數(shù)目中的另一個(gè)用another表示。
例句: However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different. (選自2005年Text 1)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句部分為their behavior became markedly different。 when引 導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中又插入了so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句,從句中what the other...作observe的賓語。
譯文: 但是當(dāng)兩只猴子被放在隔開但相鄰的兩個(gè)房間中,而且每只猴子還能看到對(duì)方用巖石交換了什么物品之后,他們的行為就發(fā)生了巨大變化。
例句: We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let's have another one this month.
分析: 該句是并列句。
譯文: 上個(gè)月我們舉行了一場(chǎng)晚會(huì),很有意思。因此,我們這個(gè)月再舉行一場(chǎng)類似的晚會(huì)吧。
2. 表示三者并對(duì)三者加以說明。
表達(dá)方法如下:
one...another...and the other
one...a second...and the third
例句: I have three sisters, one is a nurse, another (a second) is a teacher, and the other (and the third) is a doctor.
注: 表示四者并對(duì)四者都加以說明的表達(dá)方式是:one...another...a third...and the fourth (the other)...。
3. One作代詞時(shí),前用形容詞或the,this,that,which,any,some,each,every等來修飾,另有one of the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
例句: That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. (選自2006年Text 3)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,means后的賓語從句省略了連接代詞that,what is in the sea作介詞 of的賓語,so引導(dǎo)的另一個(gè)分句中的the one代替前面的名詞difference,分詞短語recorded by...作后置定語修飾the one。
譯文: 這意味著更高比例的海洋物種正在被捕撈,因此現(xiàn)在和過去的真正差異可能比根據(jù)漁獲量的變化所記錄的更糟糕。
例句: One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships dutifully follow traffic rules in busy harbors. (2001年第13題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,從句that all ships...harbors作make sure的賓語。
譯文: 海岸警衛(wèi)隊(duì)的責(zé)任之一就是確保所有船只在繁忙的港口嚴(yán)格遵守航運(yùn)規(guī)則。
注意: that和one都可用來代表句子前面部分中的名詞以避免重復(fù): one指代可數(shù)名詞, 為不確定指代,其復(fù)數(shù)形式為ones;that指代可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞,為確定指代,其復(fù)數(shù)形式為those。
例句: No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中that代替前面的bread,分詞短語earned by his own labor作定語修飾that。
譯文: 什么面包也不如自己勞動(dòng)掙得的面包香。
例句: Julia tried to find a good book on physics, but the bookstore she went to yesterday did not have one.
分析: 該句是并列句,其中第二個(gè)分句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,she went to yesterday是修飾the bookstore的定語從句。
譯文: 朱麗亞想找一本物理學(xué)方面的好書,但昨天她去的那家書店沒有。
4. another后接單數(shù)名詞,表示的意思是“另一個(gè),又一個(gè)(one more);另外的,別的(some other);不同的(a different)”。
例句: Her mother will be back in another moment, and we have to wait for her.
分析: 本句是以and連接的并列句。
譯文: 她媽媽再過一會(huì)兒就回來,我們還是等等她吧。
例句: We will visit the History Museum another day.
譯文: 我們改天參觀歷史博物館。
例句: He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will expire at the end of this month. (1998年第34題)
分析: 該句是由yet連接的并列句。
譯文: 他正計(jì)劃再到國外去旅游,但是他的護(hù)照這個(gè)月底就到期了。
5. other通常接復(fù)數(shù)名詞,在any other,every other, no other,some other,the other,one other后,名詞也可用單數(shù)形式。
例句: As far as I am concerned, his politics are rather conservative compared with other politicians'. (1997年第19題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中As far as I am concerned為插入語,other politicians相當(dāng)于other politicians politics,分詞短語compared with other politicians在句中作狀語表示時(shí)間或條件,相當(dāng)于when/if his politics are compared with other politicians'。
譯文: 依我看,與其他政治家的政治觀點(diǎn)相比,他的觀點(diǎn)更加保守。
例句: No other book has had a greater influence on my life.
譯文: 任何書對(duì)我一生的影響都沒有這本書大。
例句: Wilson found there was only one other guest besides himself.
譯文: 威爾遜發(fā)現(xiàn)除了他自己外只有一個(gè)客人。
注意: other與數(shù)目連用時(shí)其位置如下:
基數(shù)詞+ other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞;
the other+基數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞或the+基數(shù)詞+other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
(四)few,a few; little,a little
few和a few修飾可數(shù)名詞;little和a little修飾不可數(shù)名詞;a few和a little具有肯定含義;few和little具有否定含義;the few和the little表示肯定含義。
例句: A few premiers are suspicious of any federal provincial deal making.(選自2005年P(guān)art B)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。
譯文: 一些省督們對(duì)由聯(lián)邦政府聯(lián)合各省進(jìn)行談判的做法心存懷疑。
例句: The roles expected of old people in such a setting give too few psychological satisfactions for normal happiness. (2000年第7題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中分詞短語expected of old people在句中作定語修飾the roles。
譯文: 在此情況下,對(duì)老年人角色的期望使得他們幾乎無法得到心理上的滿足,也就無法享受正常的幸福生活。
例句: Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, of which obtaining water is not the least.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,of which obtaining water is...是一個(gè)非限制性定語從句修飾 problems,the least是the little的最高級(jí)表示肯定意義。
譯文: 居住在澳大利亞沙漠中心有其自身的問題,其中,獲取水是很嚴(yán)峻的問題。
例句: They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. (2006年第50題)
分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句,定語從句which involve moral judgment修飾problems,but前后是兩個(gè)并列句。
譯文: 他們可以教得很好,而且不僅僅是為了掙薪水,但他們大多數(shù)人卻很少或沒有對(duì)需要進(jìn)行道德判斷的關(guān)于人的問題講行獨(dú)立思考。
(五)most
most表示大多數(shù)、大部分或最大數(shù)量、最大程度等,作代詞、名詞、形容詞和副詞。
例句:It's hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. (選自2011年Text 4)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句。在主句中,it是形式主語,真正的主語是to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children;在原因狀語從句中,it代表前面提到的to want children;冒號(hào)后的內(nèi)容是對(duì)前面內(nèi)容的解釋。
譯文:很難想象,僅僅因?yàn)槔锼购桶布惸仁?ldquo;生孩子”看起來頗具魅力,很多人就愚蠢地跟風(fēng)效仿:大多數(shù)成年人都明白撫養(yǎng)孩子并不像理發(fā)那樣簡(jiǎn)單。
例句: Most newspapers, while devoting the major part of their space to recent events, usually manage to find room on the inside pages for articles on some interesting topics. (2000年第17題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主句為Most newspapers usually manage to find room on the inside pages...topics。從句while后的完整形式應(yīng)為while they are devoting the major part of their space to recent events。
譯文: 大多數(shù)報(bào)紙將主要版面用來報(bào)道近期發(fā)生的事件,但通常也會(huì)在內(nèi)頁留出空間刊登一些趣聞。
例句: Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant在句中充當(dāng)表語從句,定語從句whose brain is...rapidly修飾the infant。
譯文: 其原因往往是母親對(duì)大腦已做好快速學(xué)習(xí)語言準(zhǔn)備的嬰兒所發(fā)出的信號(hào)不敏感。
1. 單獨(dú)使用時(shí),most前無冠詞。
例句: Some of the people stayed behind, but most went.
分析: most=most people,動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
2. most后帶有限制性定語從句時(shí),前加the。
例句: The most this hall can seat is 1,000.
分析: 這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,this hall can seat這個(gè)定語從句修飾the most。seat是動(dòng)詞,意為“為……提供座位”。
譯文: 這個(gè)大廳最多能容納一千人。
3. most of the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示“大多數(shù)……”;most of+形容詞性物主代詞+單數(shù)名詞表示“大部分……”。
例句: Mr.Pollard has visited most of the countries in Europe.
譯文: 波勒德先生已經(jīng)訪問了歐洲大多數(shù)國家。
例句: Most of her book deals with problems in political economy.
譯文: 她的書大部分都是論述政治經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的問題的。
例句: Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much. (選自1998年Text 2)
分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句,and前一分句中that companies make是一定語從句修飾the changes,后一分句中this指代前面句子的所有內(nèi)容,冒號(hào)后的內(nèi)容作解釋。
譯文: 此外,公司改革的目的大部分是為了盈利,這種需求并不一定總是能夠提高生產(chǎn)率: 轉(zhuǎn)入新的市場(chǎng)或改善產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量也能獲得同樣的效果。
4. most作副詞時(shí)構(gòu)成形容詞或副詞的最高級(jí);在通俗英語中most=very,修飾形容詞或副詞,most與mostly的區(qū)別在于后者作“大部分”講(=for the most part)。
例句: The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be indifferent to the welfare of his animals. (2001年第14題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,is與seems to是兩個(gè)并列謂語。
譯文: 愛斯基摩人可能是所有印第安人中最信任別人也最體貼他人的人,然而他們對(duì)自己的動(dòng)物的福利卻好像漠不關(guān)心。
例句: What Mr.Jelly said is mostly (=for the most part) correct.
譯文: 杰勒先生說的話大部分是正確的。
5. most+名詞,表示泛指;most of the+名詞,表示特指。
例句: Most Chinese like fast food.(泛指)
Most of the people in this district are fond of CCTV5.(特指)
譯文:這一個(gè)區(qū)里的大部分人都喜歡看中央五臺(tái)。
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