【每日一練】考研英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)及答案(4)_跨考網(wǎng)

　　Section III Reading Comprehension

　　Directions:

　　Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

　　Text 1

　　The entrepreneur, according to French economist J.B. Say, “is a person who shifts economic resources out of an area of lower and into an area of higher productivity and yield.” But Say’s definition does not tell us who this entrepreneur is. Some define the entrepreneur simply as one who starts his or her own new and small business. For our purposes, we will define the entrepreneur as a person who takes the necessary risks to organize and manage a business and receives the financial profits and nonmonetary rewards.

　　The man who opens a small pizza restaurant is in business, but is he an entrepreneur? He took a risk and did something, but did he shift resources or start the business? If the answer is yes, then he is considered an entrepreneur. Ray Kroc is an example of an entrepreneur because he founded and established McDonald’s. His hamburgers were not a new idea, but he applied new techniques, resource allocations, and organizational methods in his venture. Ray Kroc upgraded the productivity and yield from the resources applied to create his fast-food chain. This is what entrepreneurs do; this is what entrepreneurship means.

　　Many of the sharp, black-and-white contrasts between the entrepreneur and the professional have faded to gray color. Formerly, professionals such as doctors, lawyers, dentists, and accountants were not supposed to be entrepreneurial, aggressive, or market oriented. They were “above” the market-driven world. Entrepreneurs, on the other hand, were the mavericks of society. They were risk-takers who aggressively sought to make something happen. Long hours were about all the two worlds had in common. However, increased competition, saturated markets, and a more price-conscious public have changed the world of the professionals. Today they need to market their skills, talents, and competencies. Lawyers advertise their services. Doctors specialize in one form of surgery. Accounting firms join with other businesses (e.g., consulting and law) to serve clients.

　　Entrepreneurs exhibit many different behaviors; searching for a specific personality pattern is very difficult. Some entrepreneurs are quiet, introverted, and analytical. On the other hand, some are brash, extroverted, and very emotional. Many of them share some qualities. Viewing change as the norm, entrepreneurs usually search for it, respond to it, and treat it as an opportunity. An entrepreneur such as Ray Kroc of McDonald’s is able to take resources and shift them to meet a need. Making the decision to shift resources works better if a person is creative, experienced, and confident.

　　41. According to the first paragraph, who can be regarded as an entrepreneur?

　　[A] The CEO of a big company. [B] The owner of a profitable restaurant.

　　[C] A man who started a new kind of business. [D] A successful salesman.

　　42. According to the text, the professionals .

　　[A] are quite different from entrepreneurs even now

　　[B] were considered to be enterprising and market-centered

　　[C] were price-conscious

　　[D] have to advertise themselves in nowadays

　　43. From the text, we learn that .

　　[A] an entrepreneur should be very extroverted

　　[B] an entrepreneur should be quick to seize opportunities

　　[C] change is not norm in an entrepreneur’s eyes

　　[D] the French economist J.B. Say is the first person who gave the definition of “entrepreneur”

　　44. The purpose of the author in writing the passage is to .

　　[A] complete the definition of entrepreneur

　　[B] tell the readers what is entrepreneur and the main characteristics of entrepreneurs

　　[C] show what kind of people can become entrepreneurs

　　[D] illustrate why Ray Kroc can become an entrepreneur

　　45. What will most possibly follow the text?

　　[A] An example of how an entrepreneur operates. [B] Another theory about entrepreneurship.

　　[C] The bad effects of entrepreneurs. [D] The good effects of entrepreneurs.

　　答案解析

　　41. C 推斷題。根據(jù)第一段可知，一個(gè)企業(yè)家必須具備三個(gè)條件：有效配置有利的資源并使自己有所得;是創(chuàng)業(yè)者;冒必要的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。A中的首席執(zhí)行官，B中的老板和D中的銷(xiāo)售商都不一定是創(chuàng)業(yè)者。只有C，自己開(kāi)創(chuàng)新事業(yè)的人才同時(shí)符合以上三個(gè)條件，故選C。

　　42. D 推斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞the professionals定位文章第三段，D提到如今他們需要推銷(xiāo)自己，與文中的the need to market their skills, talents, and competencies意思相符，故為正確答案;B所說(shuō)的有事業(yè)心、以市場(chǎng)為中心是企業(yè)家的特質(zhì)，故排除;第一句提到：現(xiàn)在企業(yè)家和專(zhuān)業(yè)人員之間的明顯差異已經(jīng)逐漸變得模糊了，由此可知A不正確;C為強(qiáng)干擾項(xiàng)，價(jià)格意識(shí)是針對(duì)大眾而非只針對(duì)專(zhuān)業(yè)人士的，故排除。

　　43. B 細(xì)節(jié)題。由選項(xiàng)可知，本題針對(duì)企業(yè)家的情況進(jìn)行提問(wèn)，第四段提到企業(yè)家們?cè)谛愿裆鲜怯兴煌?，有的沖動(dòng)、外向，有的從容含蓄，但他們有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)，就是冷靜看待變化，尋找變化并對(duì)其作出反應(yīng)，把變化看作機(jī)遇，由此可排除A和C，B提到應(yīng)該迅速抓住機(jī)遇，與該段中treat it (change) as an opportunity意思相符，故為答案。文中并沒(méi)有說(shuō)J.B. Say是給entrepreneur定義的第一人，因此也可排除D。

　　44. B 主旨題。文章開(kāi)篇提到J.B. Say給entrepreneur下的定義只是一個(gè)引子，并不是作者的寫(xiě)作意圖，故排除A;文章第二段開(kāi)始談到如何判斷真正的企業(yè)家，第三段比較企業(yè)家和專(zhuān)業(yè)人士的不同，第四段談到企業(yè)家的特質(zhì)，由此可知B最符合文意。文章只是提到企業(yè)家的特點(diǎn)，但并未具體說(shuō)明哪種人可以成為企業(yè)家，故C錯(cuò)誤，而談到 Ray Kroc只是舉了一個(gè)成功的例子，故D也是錯(cuò)誤的。

　　45. A 推斷題。文章最后說(shuō)一個(gè)人如果具有創(chuàng)造力、富有經(jīng)驗(yàn)且有信心，就能作出正確的決定使資源得到更好的配置和利用。這應(yīng)該是作者提出的一個(gè)論點(diǎn)，但文章此處并沒(méi)有用例子去證明怎樣運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造力、經(jīng)驗(yàn)和信心，因此可推斷，作者接下來(lái)將會(huì)舉例對(duì)此進(jìn)行說(shuō)明，所以選A。

　　參考譯文

　　法國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家J.B. Say認(rèn)為，企業(yè)家就是把經(jīng)濟(jì)資源從生產(chǎn)力和產(chǎn)量較低的領(lǐng)域轉(zhuǎn)移到生產(chǎn)力和產(chǎn)量較高的領(lǐng)域的人。但是Say所下的定義并沒(méi)有告訴我們誰(shuí)是企業(yè)家。有些人把企業(yè)家簡(jiǎn)單地定義為白手起家，開(kāi)創(chuàng)自己小規(guī)模的事業(yè)的人。從我們的角度來(lái)講，我們將企業(yè)家定義為承擔(dān)必要的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來(lái)組織和管理一事業(yè)并獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)收益和非貨幣回報(bào)的人。

　　一個(gè)開(kāi)小比薩店的人是在做買(mǎi)賣(mài)，但是他是一個(gè)企業(yè)家嗎?他承擔(dān)著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)從事買(mǎi)賣(mài)，但他轉(zhuǎn)移了資源或創(chuàng)業(yè)了嗎?如果答案是肯定的話(huà)，那他就可以被看成是個(gè)企業(yè)家。雷·克羅克就是一個(gè)企業(yè)家的范例，因?yàn)樗麆?chuàng)立了麥當(dāng)勞。他所賣(mài)的漢堡包并不是個(gè)新事物，但是他在創(chuàng)業(yè)過(guò)程中應(yīng)用了新的技術(shù)、資源配置方法和組織方法。雷·克羅克從資源分配中提高了生產(chǎn)力和產(chǎn)量，從而創(chuàng)造出了他的速食連鎖企業(yè)。這就是企業(yè)家所做的事，也就是企業(yè)家的含義。

　　企業(yè)家和專(zhuān)業(yè)人員之間許多明顯的、黑白分明的差異現(xiàn)在都逐漸變得模糊了。在過(guò)去，人們認(rèn)為像醫(yī)生、律師、牙醫(yī)、會(huì)計(jì)師等專(zhuān)業(yè)人員都不是具有創(chuàng)業(yè)技能的、富有冒險(xiǎn)精神或有市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向觀(guān)念的人。他們位于市場(chǎng)驅(qū)使的世界之上。另一方面，企業(yè)家們是社會(huì)中特立獨(dú)行者。他們是積極地探索并促使某些事發(fā)生的冒險(xiǎn)者。兩個(gè)世界的共同之處在于時(shí)間漫長(zhǎng)。然而，不斷加劇的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、飽和的市場(chǎng)以及一個(gè)更加具有金錢(qián)意識(shí)的社會(huì)改變了專(zhuān)業(yè)人員的世界。今天他們需要推銷(xiāo)他們的技能、才干和能力。律師需要為他們的服務(wù)做廣告;醫(yī)生只專(zhuān)攻于某一外科手術(shù);會(huì)計(jì)公司兼營(yíng)其他的業(yè)務(wù)，例如客戶(hù)咨詢(xún)和法律事務(wù)。

　　企業(yè)家們展示許多不同的行為，要從中找出一種特定的個(gè)性模式是很困難的。有些企業(yè)家是從容的、含蓄的，具有很強(qiáng)的分析能力。另一方面，有些是沖動(dòng)的、外向的，也非常情緒化的。但他們都有一些共同的特征，那就是處變不驚，善于發(fā)現(xiàn)變化并對(duì)其作出反應(yīng)，并把變化看作機(jī)遇。一個(gè)像麥當(dāng)勞的雷·克羅克那樣的企業(yè)家能夠利用并合理分配資源來(lái)滿(mǎn)足需求。一個(gè)人如果具有創(chuàng)造力、有信心并富有經(jīng)驗(yàn)，就能作出正確的決定使資源得到更好的配置和利用。