您現(xiàn)在的位置: 跨考網(wǎng)考研專業(yè)課正文

王長(zhǎng)喜英語之考研英語結(jié)構(gòu)銜接必備知識(shí)_跨考網(wǎng)

最后更新時(shí)間:2007-12-19 11:35:34
輔導(dǎo)課程:暑期集訓(xùn) 在線咨詢
復(fù)習(xí)緊張,焦頭爛額?逆風(fēng)輕襲,來跨考秋季集訓(xùn)營(yíng),幫你尋方法,定方案! 了解一下>>

  (一)定語從句

  1.定語從句的特征

  定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。限定性定語從句與主句關(guān)系緊密,為句中不可缺少的成分,如去掉,則主句意思不完整或不明確。非限定性定語從句與主句關(guān)系松散,如去掉,主句內(nèi)容仍完整。在書面語中,非限定性定語從句一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開。

  引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞包括:

  (1)關(guān)系代詞:that,which,whose,who, whom,as。

  (2)關(guān)系副詞:when,where,why。

  關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中都充當(dāng)一定的句子成分:主語(who,which,that);賓語(that,which,whom);定語(whose,of which);狀語(when,where,why)。

  2.定語從句中關(guān)系詞的運(yùn)用

  (1)關(guān)系代詞。

  關(guān)系代詞的選擇一般需從三方面來考慮:①先行詞是指人還是指物;②關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語、賓語還是定語;③該從句是限定性定語從句還是非限定性定語從句。

  關(guān)系代詞作賓語時(shí),一般可省略。如:

  I know that he is a man who/that means what he says. (先行詞指人,關(guān)系代詞在限定性定語從句中作主語)

  The man whom/that she met told her a lie. (先行詞指人,關(guān)系代詞在限定性定語從句中作賓語)

  The watch which/that was lost has been found. (先行詞指物,關(guān)系代詞在限定性定語從句中作主語)

  Here is the material which/that you need. (先行詞指物,關(guān)系代詞在限定性定語從句中作賓語)

  He is the only one whose advice she may accept. (先行詞指人,關(guān)系代詞在限定性定語從句中作定語)

  (2)關(guān)系副詞。

  關(guān)系副詞的選擇主要看先行詞。如先行詞為表示時(shí)間的名詞,如time,day等,則用when;如先行詞為表示地點(diǎn)的名詞,如place,house,area等,則用where;如先行詞為reason,則用why。另外,where = in which,why = for which。例如:

  I'll never forget the village where/in which I spent my childhood.

  I don't know the reason why/for which he did that.

  I'll never forget the day when I first entered the college.

  (3)關(guān)系代詞that和 which的區(qū)別。①存在以下情況之一時(shí),只能用that來引導(dǎo)定語從句:

  第一,先行詞是all,everything,something,anything,little,nothing等不定代詞時(shí);

  第二,先行詞前有next,first,last,only,few,much,some,any,very,no等詞修飾時(shí);

  第三,先行詞前有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。例如:

  I've explained everything (that)I can to you. This is the most beautiful city (that)I've ever been to.

 ?、诜窍薅ㄐ远ㄕZ從句一般不用that引導(dǎo),且關(guān)系詞不可省略。例如:

  His lecture, which bored everyone, ended at last.

  The teacher's daughter, whom I met last month, sent me an e-mail.

  (4)which和as引導(dǎo)定語從句的區(qū)別。在非限定性定語從句中,先行詞是整個(gè)句子時(shí),一般用which或as來引導(dǎo)。which在從句中可充當(dāng)主語、賓語等,as在從句中一般只充當(dāng)主語。which與as引導(dǎo)此類定語從句的區(qū)別在于:which只能置于句中或句末,而as的位置比較靈活,既可置于句中、句末,又可置于句首。此外,as引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)還常和such,so,as或same連用,一般沒有明顯的先行詞,as一般可以譯為“正如,就像…那樣”。

  例如:Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which/as is known to all.

  As everybody knows, he is a good boy.

  Such things as you have described are most important to me.

  He is that kinds of man, such as people always meet.

  I have the same dictionary as you have.

  _____can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.(1999.5)

 ?。跘] As[B] What[C] That[D] It

  答案為[A]。As指代的是后面整句話的內(nèi)容,引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句,其他選項(xiàng)只能引導(dǎo)主語從句。本句意為:正如我們從比較這些數(shù)字所看到的結(jié)果一樣,這項(xiàng)規(guī)則需要病人在治療時(shí)積極參與。

  (5)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中有時(shí)也作介詞的賓語。如果介詞被置于關(guān)系代詞前,一般只用介詞+which或介詞+whom,而不能用介詞+that來引導(dǎo)定語從句。如果介詞被置于從句句末,則可用that代替which或whom,且that這時(shí)可省去。

  This is the coat on which she spent 500 dollars.

  One of my classmates whom/that you are familiar with will come today.

  Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _____ obtaining water is not the least.(1994.3)

 ?。跘] of which[B] for what[C] as[D] whose

  答案為[A]。題目中which的先行詞是problems,在which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句中作介詞of的賓語,這時(shí)關(guān)系代詞要置于介詞后面,不能省略。介詞of表示所屬關(guān)系,of which指的是“在這些問題中”。[B] 中的for表示原因,與題意不符;[C] 和[D] 也能引導(dǎo)定語從句,但都與句子的意思不符,所以只能選[A]。本句句意為:在

澳大利亞中部,沙漠生活面臨許多問題,其中汲水是一個(gè)很嚴(yán)峻的問題。

  2.定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別

  同位語從句大多由連接詞that引導(dǎo),常跟在下列名詞后面,如fact,idea,opinion,news,hope,belief等。同位語從句用來解釋說明這些名詞的具體含義和內(nèi)容。定語從句對(duì)所修飾的名詞加以修飾限定,即說明其為此人(事物)而非彼人(事物)。如:

  We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms.(同位語從句)

  The news that we are invited to the party is very encouraging.(同位語從句)

  This is the best article that has been written on the subject. (定語從句)

  4.定語從句與what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句的區(qū)別

  what只能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語,但總是包含著定語從句的含義,很容易與定語從句混淆。定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞前面都會(huì)有先行詞,而what前面則沒有任何先行詞,此時(shí)what=先行詞+that。試比較:

  He always means what he says.

  That's the only thing that he says.

  That's what I want to say.

  That's all (that) I want to say.

  This is what I can give you.

  This is all the money that I can give you.

  (二)比較狀語從句

  1.比較狀語從句的種類

  (1)同級(jí)比較。

  英語中表示同級(jí)比較的詞有as+形容詞或副詞原形+as;the same as,not so+形容詞或副詞原形+as(不如…)等。

  例1:Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often _____, or better than an actual performance. (1996.1)

 ?。跘] as good as[B] as good[C] good[D] good as

  答案為[A]。這里的as good as和better than 由or連接,構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系。

  例2:The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have _____ as the amount of money borrowed.

 ?。跘] as the same value[B] the same value[C] value as the same[D] the value is the same

  答案為[B]。the same...as為固定用法。

  (2)差級(jí)比較。

  英語中的差級(jí)比較,僅限于兩者之間,常由形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)形式+than 構(gòu)成。此外還需要注意以下幾點(diǎn):

 ?、傧啾容^的內(nèi)容在語法形式或結(jié)構(gòu)上要保持一致。

  英語中,為了避免重復(fù)通常用that,one,those來代替前文出現(xiàn)的同類事物,其中that可以代替可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞,而one只能代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,those只能代替復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如:

  No bread eaten by man is so sweet as _____ earned by his own labour. (1994.8)

 ?。跘] one[B] that[C] such[D] what

  答案為[B]。that代替的是不可數(shù)名詞bread。

  ②表示倍數(shù)的比較形式常為:修飾語 + as...as.../more...than...。有時(shí)第二個(gè)as,than后面的比較內(nèi)容會(huì)省略。例如:

  Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills _____ people each year than automobile accidents. (1999.2)

  [A] seven more times[B] seven times more[C] over seven times[D] seven times

  答案為[B]。倍數(shù)+ more ...than...為固定結(jié)構(gòu)。

  ③相比較的內(nèi)容在第二次提到時(shí)??墒÷浴@纾?/p>

  These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than _____ in traditional media. (1999.10)

 ?。跘] exist[B] exists[C] existing[D] to exist

  答案為[A]。本句省略了主語——復(fù)數(shù)名詞 restrictions,再結(jié)合上下文的時(shí)態(tài),可斷定只有[A] 符合語法。

 ?、艹S脕硇揎棻容^級(jí)的詞語有a little,a lot,much,a bit,far,hardly,slightly,even,still,rather,the,any 等。例如:

  He knows little of mathematics, and _____ of chemistry. (1991)

 ?。跘] even[B] still less[C] no less[D] still more

  答案為[B]。由 and 一詞可知前后兩個(gè)分句間為并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,所以可排除[A]、 [C]、 [D]。只有[B] 符合語法和句子意思。

  2.引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句的特殊句型及詞語

  (1)表示比較的特殊詞語:inferior to,senior to,prior to,superior to,junior to,preferable to,minor to等。例如:

  Their watch is _____ to all the other watches on the market. (1991)

 ?。跘] superior[B] advantageous[C] super[D] beneficial

  答案為[A]。能和to搭配的選項(xiàng)有[A]、[B] 和[D]。但根據(jù)句中空格前后出現(xiàn)的相同成分watch可知這是兩者之間進(jìn)行比較,而選項(xiàng)中只有[A] superior to有比較的意義,指“比…高級(jí),質(zhì)量好”。

  (2)特殊的比較句型:not so much...as...(與其說…,不如說…);not/no more...than...(兩者一樣都不…);not any/no less...than...(兩者一樣都…);just as...so...(正如…,也…)等。

  例1:It wasn't so much that I disliked her _____ that I just wasn't interested in the whole business.(2000.9)

 ?。跘] rather[B] so[C] than[D] as

  答案為[D]。本句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)仍然是not so much...as...,只是so和as后面接的是that引導(dǎo)的從句。本句大意是:與其說我不喜歡她,不如說我對(duì)整件事情根本不感興趣。

  例2:The heart is _____ intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. (1994.4)

  [A] not so[B] not much[C] much more [D] no more

  答案為[D]。全句意為:心臟和胃一樣都不聰明,因?yàn)樗鼈兌际芸赜诖竽X。

  3.最高級(jí)

  英語中的最高級(jí)常用the +形容詞或副詞的最高級(jí)形式,注意這種形式僅限于三者或三者以上,且常有表示比較范圍的介詞in, over, of, among等。如:

  The Social Security Retirement Program is made of two trust funds, _____ could go penniless by next year. (1997.1)

 ?。跘] the larger one[B] the larger of which[C] the largest one[D] the largest of which

  答案為[B]。本題涉及兩個(gè)方面的語法問題:一是定語從句的使用,二是形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。首先,從句子的結(jié)構(gòu)來看,空格前面的部分是一個(gè)完整的句子,而且在空格的前面是一個(gè)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)two trust funds,這就說明空格所在的部分是一個(gè)非限定性定語從句,因此,我們可以排除選擇項(xiàng)[A]、[C]。同樣它也表明這是兩者之間的比較,所以要用比較級(jí)形式,而非三者或三者以上的最高級(jí)形式。這樣,只有[B] 符合條件。

  (三)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

  1.倒裝句的種類

  倒裝語序有兩類:全部倒裝和部分倒裝。全部倒裝指謂語部分全部提到主語之前,部分倒裝指謂語的一部分提到主語之前。全部倒裝語序常出現(xiàn)在下列情況中:

  (1)為避免句子部分內(nèi)容重復(fù),英語中常用倒裝句,即:so(neither,nor)+ be動(dòng)詞(助動(dòng)詞,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)+ 主語。

  例1:Just as the soil is a part of the earth, _____ the atmosphere.(1995)

 ?。跘] as it is[B] the same is[C] so is[D] and so is

  答案為[C]。just as ... so為固定搭配,意為“正如…一樣,也…”。so后面的句子要求完全倒裝。

  例2:They have all got up, and _____. (1985)

 ?。跘] Jack has too[B] so has Jack[C] Jack hasn't[D] also has Jack

  答案為[B]。如表示贊同別人的陳述,so后面的部分不倒裝,如:Tom is a good student. So he is,and so is Dick.前半句So he is表示后者贊同前者的觀點(diǎn),認(rèn)為Tom是個(gè)好學(xué)生,后半句and so is Dick中so后面部分倒裝,表示Dick也是個(gè)好學(xué)生。

  (2)當(dāng)there,here,then,now等副詞置于句首,且謂語動(dòng)詞為come,go,be等詞時(shí),句子一般全部倒裝。此類倒裝句旨在引起別人注意,如果主語是代詞,則句子不倒裝。例如:

  Look! Here comes the bus.

  Look! Here he comes.

  (3)當(dāng)out,in,away,up,into,bang等方位詞和擬聲詞置于句首時(shí),句子一般全部倒裝。此類倒裝句比正常語序的句子更生動(dòng)、形象。但若主語是代詞,則句子不倒裝。例如:

  Away flew the bird.

  Out she went.

  Into this category fall many of the lies told within the walls of government.

  (4)省略whether的讓步狀語從句,常用be +主語+其他。例如:

  The business of each day, selling goods or shipping them, _____ went quite smoothly. (1992)

 ?。跘] it being[B] be it[C] was it[D] it was

  答案為[B]。

  2.部分倒裝的構(gòu)成條件

  (1)具有否定意義的詞或短語置于句首時(shí),句子一般要部分倒裝,即將系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提到主語前。這類詞或短語包括:not,never,seldom,hardly,rarely,scarcely,by no means,under no circumstance,in no way,at no time,no sooner ... than,hardly...when,not only ... but also...,in no sense,on no account,at no point,little,nowhere,barely,scarcely ... when/before,not until,in vain,still less等。例如:

  _____ to speak when the audience interrupted him. (1991)

  [A] Hardly had he begun[B] No sooner had he begun[C] Not until he began[D] Scarcely did he begin

  答案為[A]。hardly ... when為固定搭配,hardly置于句首,要求部分倒裝。scarcely ... when也是固定搭配,但[D] 的時(shí)態(tài)不正確。

  (2)as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句常用倒裝。一般將一些形容詞、副詞等置于句首。例如:

  Outstanding as she is in her field, she remains easygoing.

  (3)當(dāng)so,often,only等表示程度或頻率的副詞置于句首時(shí),句子一般部分倒裝。例如:

  So involved with their computers _____ that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games. (2001)

 ?。跘] became the children[B] become the children[C] had the children become[D] do the children become

  答案為[D]。由于So involved位于句首,句子采用倒裝形式。因?yàn)榫渥拥臅r(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),所以要借助于助動(dòng)詞do來構(gòu)成倒裝。把這句話改成正常語序是:The children become so involved with their computers that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games. (孩子們對(duì)他們的電腦如此著迷,以至于電腦夏令營(yíng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)不得不經(jīng)常強(qiáng)迫他們停下來,做些體育運(yùn)動(dòng)和游戲。)

  (4)省略if的非真實(shí)條件從句中,助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞要提前。例如:

  _____ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is. (1998)

 ?。跘] Had it not been[B] Were it not[C] Be it not[D] Should it not

  答案為[A]。if 省略,助動(dòng)詞提前,從句表達(dá)與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬情況。

  (四)平行結(jié)構(gòu)

  由not only ... but also,would rather... than...,would sooner... than...,more... than...,rather than(而不是),and,or連接的成分要求在語法形式上保持平行一致。例如:

  例1:It is better to die on one's feet than _____. (1991)

 ?。跘] living on ones knees[B] live on ones knees[C] on one's knees[D] to live on one's knees

  答案為[D]。to die on one's feet與to live on one's knees在語法形式上保持一致。

  例2:We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style _____ in a personal style. (1995)

 ?。跘] rather than[B] other than[C] better than[D] less than

  答案為[A]。根據(jù)句意及in a formal style與in a personal style成分一致的線索,可斷定本句是想表達(dá)“應(yīng)該…,而不應(yīng)該…”,故只有[A] 正確。other than表示“除了…”,常用于否定句。句意:商務(wù)書信必須用正式文體而不是個(gè)人文體來寫。

???

  2022考研初復(fù)試已經(jīng)接近尾聲,考研學(xué)子全面進(jìn)入2023屆備考,跨考為23考研的考生準(zhǔn)備了10大課包全程準(zhǔn)備、全年復(fù)習(xí)備考計(jì)劃、目標(biāo)院校專業(yè)輔導(dǎo)、全真復(fù)試模擬練習(xí)和全程針對(duì)性指導(dǎo);2023考研的小伙伴針也已經(jīng)開始擇校和復(fù)習(xí)了,跨考考研暢學(xué)5.0版本全新升級(jí),無論你在校在家都可以更自如的完成你的考研復(fù)習(xí),暑假集訓(xùn)營(yíng)帶來了院校專業(yè)初步選擇,明確方向;考研備考全年規(guī)劃,核心知識(shí)點(diǎn)入門;個(gè)性化制定備考方案,助你贏在起跑線,早出發(fā)一點(diǎn)離成功就更近一點(diǎn)!

點(diǎn)擊右側(cè)咨詢或直接前往了解更多

考研院校專業(yè)選擇和考研復(fù)習(xí)計(jì)劃
2023備考學(xué)習(xí) 2023線上線下隨時(shí)學(xué)習(xí) 34所自劃線院??佳袕?fù)試分?jǐn)?shù)線匯總
2022考研復(fù)試最全信息整理 全國(guó)各招生院??佳袕?fù)試分?jǐn)?shù)線匯總
2023全日制封閉訓(xùn)練 全國(guó)各招生院校考研調(diào)劑信息匯總
2023考研先知 考研考試科目有哪些? 如何正確看待考研分?jǐn)?shù)線?
不同院校相同專業(yè)如何選擇更適合自己的 從就業(yè)說考研如何擇專業(yè)?
手把手教你如何選專業(yè)? 高校研究生教育各學(xué)科門類排行榜

跨考考研課程

班型 定向班型 開班時(shí)間 高定班 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)班 課程介紹 咨詢
秋季集訓(xùn) 沖刺班 9.10-12.20 168000 24800起 小班面授+專業(yè)課1對(duì)1+專業(yè)課定向輔導(dǎo)+協(xié)議加強(qiáng)課程(高定班)+專屬規(guī)劃答疑(高定班)+精細(xì)化答疑+復(fù)試資源(高定班)+復(fù)試課包(高定班)+復(fù)試指導(dǎo)(高定班)+復(fù)試班主任1v1服務(wù)(高定班)+復(fù)試面授密訓(xùn)(高定班)+復(fù)試1v1(高定班)
2023集訓(xùn)暢學(xué) 非定向(政英班/數(shù)政英班) 每月20日 22800起(協(xié)議班) 13800起 先行階在線課程+基礎(chǔ)階在線課程+強(qiáng)化階在線課程+真題階在線課程+沖刺階在線課程+專業(yè)課針對(duì)性一對(duì)一課程+班主任全程督學(xué)服務(wù)+全程規(guī)劃體系+全程測(cè)試體系+全程精細(xì)化答疑+擇校擇專業(yè)能力定位體系+全年關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)指導(dǎo)體系+初試加強(qiáng)課+初試專屬服務(wù)+復(fù)試全科標(biāo)準(zhǔn)班服務(wù)

①凡本網(wǎng)注明“稿件來源:跨考網(wǎng)”的所有文字、圖片和音視頻稿件,版權(quán)均屬北京尚學(xué)碩博教育咨詢有限公司(含本網(wǎng)和跨考網(wǎng))所有,任何媒體、網(wǎng)站或個(gè)人未經(jīng)本網(wǎng)協(xié)議授權(quán)不得轉(zhuǎn)載、鏈接、轉(zhuǎn)帖或以其他任何方式復(fù)制、發(fā)表。已經(jīng)本網(wǎng)協(xié)議授權(quán)的媒體、網(wǎng)站,在下載使用時(shí)必須注明“稿件來源,跨考網(wǎng)”,違者本網(wǎng)將依法追究法律責(zé)任。

②本網(wǎng)未注明“稿件來源:跨考網(wǎng)”的文/圖等稿件均為轉(zhuǎn)載稿,本網(wǎng)轉(zhuǎn)載僅基于傳遞更多信息之目的,并不意味著再通轉(zhuǎn)載稿的觀點(diǎn)或證實(shí)其內(nèi)容的真實(shí)性。如其他媒體、網(wǎng)站或個(gè)人從本網(wǎng)下載使用,必須保留本網(wǎng)注明的“稿件來源”,并自負(fù)版權(quán)等法律責(zé)任。如擅自篡改為“稿件來源:跨考網(wǎng)”,本網(wǎng)將依法追究法律責(zé)任。

③如本網(wǎng)轉(zhuǎn)載稿涉及版權(quán)等問題,請(qǐng)作者見稿后在兩周內(nèi)速來電與跨考網(wǎng)聯(lián)系,電話:400-883-2220