2016騫磋€冪爺瑗挎柟緇忔祹瀛﹀繀鐭ヨ瘝姹囷紙5錛塤璺ㄨ€冪綉

銆€銆€121銆佽嚜鐒跺瀯鏂?Naturalmonopoly)

銆€銆€鑷劧鍨勬柇鏄寚榪欐牱涓€縐嶈涓氾紝鍦ㄦ琛屼笟涓紝鍦ㄤ駭閲忓ぇ鍒拌凍浠ユ弧瓚沖叏閮ㄥ競(jìng)鍦虹殑鎯呭喌涓嬪晢鍝佺殑騫沖潎鎴愭湰杈懼埌鏈€灝忥紝鍥犳涓嶅彲鑳藉瓨鍦ㄧ珵浜夛紝浠呮湁鐨勪竴涓巶鍟嗗氨鎴愪負(fù)鍨勬柇鑰呫€?

銆€銆€122銆佸噣鐜板€艱鍒?Net-Present-ValueRule)

銆€銆€鍑€鐜板€艱鍒欒姹傚巶鍟嗗簲璇ヤ粠浜嬪噣鐜板€間負(fù)姝ｇ殑鎶曡祫欏圭洰銆傛姇璧勭殑鍑€鐜板€兼槸鎶曡祫鏈潵鐜伴噾嫻佺殑鐜板€煎噺鍘繪姇璧勭殑鎴愭湰銆?

銆€銆€123銆佷笉鍙垎鏁ｇ殑椋庨櫓(Nondiversifiablerisk)

銆€銆€涓嶅彲鍒嗘暎鐨勯闄╂槸鎸囦笉鑳介€氳繃澶氭牱鍖栨潵鍑忓皬鐨勯闄┿€?

銆€銆€124銆侀潪浠鋒牸绔炰簤(Nonpricecompetition)

銆€銆€鐢辯爺絀跺紑鍙戝拰椋庢牸鐨勫彉鍖栦嬌鍟嗗搧鐗瑰緛鐨勫悇縐嶆敼鍙橈紝浠ュ強(qiáng)鍘傚晢闂寸殑騫垮憡涓庡叾浠栬惀閿€鎵嬫鏉ヨ繘琛岀殑绔炰簤錛岄兘鏄潪浠鋒牸绔炰簤銆?

銆€銆€125銆佹甯稿晢鍝?Normalgoods)

銆€銆€闇€姹傞噺闅忔秷璐硅€呯殑瀹為檯鏀跺叆涓婂崌鑰屽鍔犵殑鍟嗗搧縐頒負(fù)姝ｅ父鍟嗗搧銆?

銆€銆€126銆佸澶村瀯鏂?Oligopoly)

銆€銆€瀵″ご鍨勬柇鏄寚榪欐牱涓€縐嶅競(jìng)鍦哄艦鎬侊紝鍦ㄥ叾涓彧鏈夊皯鏁板崠鑰咃紝鍟嗗搧鍙互鏄悓璐ㄧ殑涔熷彲浠ユ槸鏈夊樊鍒殑銆備緥濡傦紝璁＄畻鏈哄拰鐭蟲(chóng)補(bǔ)甯?jìng)鍦簽鏄瘶q欐牱鐨勩€?

銆€銆€127銆佷拱鏂瑰澶村瀯鏂?Oligopsony)

銆€銆€涔版柟瀵″ご鍨勬柇鏄寚鍙湁灝戞暟涔拌€呯殑甯?jìng)鍦哄舰鎬併€?

銆€銆€128銆佹満浼?xì)鎴愭?Opportunitycost)

銆€銆€濡傛灉浠ユ渶濂界殑鍙︿竴縐嶆柟寮忓埄鐢ㄦ煇縐嶈祫婧愶紝瀹冩墍鑳界敓浜у嚭鏉ョ殑浠峰€間負(fù)鏈轟細(xì)鎴愭湰錛屼篃縐頒負(fù)閫夋嫨鎴愭湰銆?

銆€銆€129銆佹渶浼樻姇浜哄搧緇勫悎(Optimalinputcombination)

銆€銆€濡傛灉鎶曞叆鍝佺粍鍚堟槸緇忔祹涓婃湁鏁堢巼鐨勬垨鑰呬嬌寰楀埄娑︽渶澶у寲(涔熷氨鏄錛屼粠鍒╂鼎鏈€澶у寲鐨勫巶鍟嗙殑瑙掑害鍑哄彂鏄渶浼樼殑)鎴栬€呬袱鑰呭吋鑰屾湁涔嬶紝榪欎竴緇勫悎灝辨槸鏈€浼樻姇鍏ュ搧緇勫悎銆?

銆€銆€130銆佸簭鏁版晥鐢?Ordinalutility)

銆€銆€鍦ㄥ簭鏁扮殑鎰忎箟涓婂彲浠ュ害閲忕殑鏁堢敤鏄簭鏁版晥鐢紝榪欒〃鏄庝竴涓秷璐硅€呭彧鑳芥牴鎹悇縐嶅競(jìng)鍦虹瀛愮粰浠栧甫鏉ョ殑婊¤凍鏉ョ粰榪欎簺甯?jìng)鍦航嫯瀛愭帓搴忋€?

銆€銆€131銆佸笗绱墭鏍囧噯(Paretocriterion)

銆€銆€甯曠瘡鎵樻爣鍑嗘槸紜畾涓€縐嶆敼鍙樻槸鍚︽槸涓€縐嶆敼榪涚殑鏍囧噯錛屾牴鎹繖涓€鏍囧噯錛屼笉鎹熷浠諱綍浜鴻€岃兘浣垮ぇ澶氭暟浜?鍦ㄤ粬浠湅鏉?鍙樺緱鏇村ソ鐨勬敼鍙樻墠鏄竴縐嶆敼榪涖€?

銆€銆€132銆佸眬閮ㄥ潎琛″垎鏋?Partialequilibriumanalysis)

銆€銆€灞€閮ㄥ潎琛″垎鏋愭槸鎸囪繖鏍蜂竴縐嶅垎鏋愶紝(涓庝竴鑸潎琛″垎鏋愮浉鍙?瀹冨亣璁句竴涓競(jìng)鍦轟笂鐨勪環(huán)鏍兼敼鍙樻椂涓嶄細(xì)瀵艱嚧鍏朵粬甯?jìng)鍦虹殑洵h(huán)鏍煎彂鐢熸槑鏄劇殑鍙樺寲銆?

銆€銆€133銆佽揣甯佹敹鐩?Pecuniarybenefits)

銆€銆€鐢變簬緇忔祹瀵逛竴涓」鐩殑璋冩暣寮曡搗鐨勭浉瀵逛環(huán)鏍肩殑鍙樺寲甯︽潵鐨勬敹鐩?鐢ㄤ互涓庡鍔犵ぞ浼?xì)绂忓埄鐨勭湡瀹炴敹鐩婄浉鍖哄?銆?

銆€銆€134銆佸畬鍏ㄧ珵浜?PerfectCompetition)

銆€銆€瀹屽叏绔炰簤鏄繖鏍蜂竴縐嶅競(jìng)鍦虹粨鏋勶紝鍦ㄥ叾涓悓璐ㄧ殑鍟嗗搧鏈夊緢澶氬崠鑰咃紝娌℃湁涓€涓崠鑰呮垨涔拌€呰兘鎺у埗浠鋒牸錛岃繘鍏ュ緢瀹規(guī)槗騫朵笖璧勬簮鍙互闅忔椂浠庝竴涓嬌鐢ㄨ€呰漿鍚戝彟涓€涓嬌鐢ㄨ€呫€備緥濡傦紝璁稿鍐滀駭鍝佸競(jìng)鍦哄氨鍏鋒湁瀹屽叏绔炰簤甯?jìng)鍦簶q欎簺鐗瑰緛銆?

銆€銆€135銆佷笉鍙厬鎹㈢殑鍏徃鍊哄埜(Perpetuity)

銆€銆€涓嶅彲鍏戞崲鐨勫叕鍙稿€哄埜鏄寚姘歌繙鏀粯?shù)竴涓浐瀹氬勾鎭殑鍊哄埜銆?

銆€銆€136銆佹帬澶烘€у畾浠?Predatorypricing)

銆€銆€鎺犲ず鎬у畾浠鋒槸鎸囦負(fù)浜?jiǎn)鎶婄珵浜夋€у巶鍟嗕粠琛屼笟涓刀璧頒粠鑰屽埗瀹氫竴涓綆浠風(fēng)殑鍋氭硶銆?

銆€銆€137銆佺幇鍊?Presentvalue)

銆€銆€鐜板€兼槸鐜板湪鍜屽皢鏉?鎴栬繃鍘?鐨勪竴絎旀敮浠樻垨鏀粯?gòu)箒鍦ㄤ粖澶╃殑洵h(huán)鍊箋€?

銆€銆€138銆佹渶楂橀檺浠?Priceceiling)

銆€銆€鏈€楂橀檺浠鋒槸鎸囨斂搴滃鏌愮鍟嗗搧鎵€瑙勫畾鐨勬渶楂樹(shù)環(huán)鏍箋€備緥濡傦紝綰界害甯?jìng)鐨効U熼噾鎺у埗灝辮瀹氫簡(jiǎn)鎴跨鐨勪笂闄愩€?

銆€銆€139銆佷環(huán)鏍?-娑堣垂鏇茬嚎(Pric-consumptioncurve)

銆€銆€浠鋒牸--娑堣垂綰挎槸鎶婁笌鍦ㄤ竴縐嶅晢鍝佺殑鍚勭浠鋒牸涓嬫秷璐硅€呮墍閫夋嫨鐨勫競(jìng)鍦虹瀛愮浉瀵瑰簲鐨勫悇涓潎琛＄偣榪炴帴鑰屾垚鐨勪竴鏉℃洸綰褲€?

銆€銆€140銆佷環(huán)鏍兼瑙?Pricediscrimination)

銆€銆€浠鋒牸姝ц鏄寚榪欐牱涓€縐嶅仛娉曪紝鍑哄敭鍚屼竴縐嶅晢鍝侊紝鍘傚晢鍚戜竴涓拱鑰呯儲(chǔ)鍙栫殑浠鋒牸楂樹(shù)簬鍏朵粬鐨勪拱鑰呫€?

銆€銆€141銆佸瘜鏈変環(huán)鏍煎脊鎬?Priceelastic)

銆€銆€濡傛灉闇€姹傜殑浠鋒牸寮規(guī)€уぇ浜?錛岄偅涔堝晢鍝佺殑闇€姹傚氨鏄瘜鏈変環(huán)鏍煎脊鎬с€?

銆€銆€142銆侀渶姹傜殑浠鋒牸寮規(guī)€?Priceelasticityofdemand)

銆€銆€闇€姹傜殑浠鋒牸寮規(guī)€ф槸鎸囦環(huán)鏍煎彉鍖?%瀵艱嚧鐨勯渶姹傞噺鍙樺寲鐨勭櫨鍒嗘瘮(涔?fàn)鎯笂閫氬父浠ユ鏁拌〃紺?銆?

銆€銆€143銆佷緵緇欑殑浠鋒牸寮規(guī)€?Priceelasticityofsupply)

銆€銆€渚涚粰鐨勪環(huán)鏍煎脊鎬ф槸鎸囦環(huán)鏍煎彉鍖?%瀵艱嚧鐨勪緵緇欓噺鍙樺寲鐨勭櫨鍒嗘瘮銆?

銆€銆€144銆佹渶浣庨檺浠?Pricefloor)

銆€銆€鏈€浣庨檺浠鋒槸鎸囨斂搴滃鏌愮鍟嗗搧鎵€瑙勫畾鐨勬渶浣庝環(huán)鏍箋€備緥濡傦紝鑱旈偊鍐滀笟璁″垝瑙勫畾浜?jiǎn)灏忛害鍜岀帀绫崇殑鏈€浣庝環(huán)鏍箋€?

銆€銆€145銆佺己涔忎環(huán)鏍煎脊鎬?Priceinelastic)

銆€銆€濡傛灉闇€姹傜殑浠鋒牸寮規(guī)€у皬浜?錛岄偅涔堝晢鍝佺殑闇€姹傚氨鏄己涔忎環(huán)鏍煎脊鎬с€?

銆€銆€146銆佷環(huán)鏍奸瀵艱€?Priceleader)

銆€銆€浠鋒牸棰嗗鑰呮槸鎸囧湪瀵″ご鍨勬柇鐨勮涓氫腑鍒跺畾浠鋒牸騫朵笖鍏朵粬鍘傚晢鎰挎剰璺熼殢鐨勫巶鍟嗐€?

銆€銆€147銆佷環(huán)鏍肩郴緇?Pricesystem)

銆€銆€鍦ㄤ環(huán)鏍肩郴緇熶笅錛屽晢鍝佸拰鏈嶅姟閮芥湁涓€涓環(huán)鏍鹼紝鍦ㄧ函綺圭殑璧勬湰涓諱箟緇忔祹涓環(huán)鏍兼墽琛屼竴涓粡嫻庣郴緇熺殑鍩烘湰鑱岃兘(鍐沖畾鐢熶駭浠€涔堛€佹€庢牱鐢熶駭銆佹瘡涓漢搴旇寰楀埌澶氬皯浠ュ強(qiáng)涓€涓浗瀹剁殑澧為暱鐜囧簲璇ユ槸澶氬皯)銆?

銆€銆€148銆佸鎵?-浠ｇ悊闂(Principal-agentproblem)

銆€銆€鐢變簬緇忕悊鎴栧伐浜哄彲鑳戒細(xì)榪芥眰鑷繁鐨勭洰鏍囷紝鍗充究榪欐牱鍋氫細(xì)鍑忓皯浼佷笟鎵€鏈夎€呯殑鍒╂鼎錛屼粠鑰屽鑷翠簡(jiǎn)濮旀墭--浠ｇ悊闂銆傜粡鐞嗘垨宸ヤ漢鏄負(fù)鎵€鏈夎€呭伐浣滅殑浠ｇ悊浜猴紝鎵€鏈夎€呮槸濮旀墭?shù)汉銆?

銆€銆€149銆佸洑鐘洶澧?Prisoner`sdilemma)

銆€銆€鍥氱姱鍥板鏄寚榪欐牱涓€縐嶆儏褰紝姝ゆ椂涓や釜浜?鎴栧巶鍟?鍚堜綔瑕佹瘮涓嶅悎浣滃ソ錛屼絾鏄瘡涓漢閮借寰椾笉鍚堜綔絎﹀悎浠栫殑鍒╃泭錛屽洜姝ゆ瘡涓漢鐨勭姸鍐甸兘瑕佸潖浜庡鏋滀粬浠悎浣滄椂鐨勫鍐點(diǎn)€?

銆€銆€150銆佺浜烘垚鏈?Privatecost)

銆€銆€縐佷漢鎴愭湰鏄寚鍗曚釜浣跨敤鑰呬負(fù)浜?jiǎn)鑳藉鋴社敤鏌愪竴璧勬簮鑰屽甫鏉ョ殑璐圭敤銆?