2014鑰冪爺鑻辮緲昏瘧錛氫唬璇嶇炕璇戞妧宸璺ㄨ€冪綉

銆€銆€浠ｈ瘝鐨勫鐞嗘柟娉?/p>

銆€銆€鍐呭姣旇緝綆€鍗曠殑鏂囩珷瀹冧細(xì)浣跨敤寰堝鐨勪唬璇嶏紝姣旇緝澶嶆潅鐨勬枃绔犻毦鎳傜殑鏂囩珷浣跨敤浠ｈ瘝姣旇緝?yōu)畱銆備唬璇嶅湪鍙ュ瓙褰撲腑鍏呭綋涓昏銆佸璇€佽〃璇拰瀹氳鍥涘ぇ鍙ュ瓙鎴愬垎銆備唬璇嶅湪縐嶇被涓婂垎鎴愬叚澶х被錛氫漢縐頒唬璇嶃€佺墿縐頒唬璇嶃€佹寚紺轟唬璇嶃€佷笉瀹氫唬璇嶃€佺枒闂唬璇嶃€佸叧緋諱唬璇嶃€?/p>

銆€銆€(1)浜虹О浠ｈ瘝

銆€銆€澶勭悊鍘熷垯錛氫漢縐頒唬璇嶅嚭鐜板湪鍙ラ鐨勬椂鍊欙紝瑕佹眰澶у涓€瀹氬湪鏂囩珷閲岃竟鎵懼嚭浠栧叿浣撶殑瀵硅薄錛屽悕璇嶅埌搴曡В閲婅皝鑰屼笖瑕佹妸浠ｈ瘝緲昏瘧鎴愬悕璇嶏紝濡傛灉浜虹О浠ｈ瘝鍦ㄥ彞瀛愮殑涓棿鎴栬€呮湯灝劇殑鍦版柟錛岃€屼笖鍚屾椂鎸囦唬瀵硅薄錛屾垜浠竴鑸彲浠ユ妸浠栬瘧鎴愪漢縐般€傚鏋滃垝綰塊儴鍒嗘湁寰堝涓悕璇嶏紝鑰屼笖鎸囦唬騫朵笉鍗佸垎鏄庣‘鐨勬椂鍊欙紝鎴戜滑浠ｈ瘝鍙互鍒嗕負(fù)鍚嶈瘝銆?/p>

銆€銆€褰撴垜浠妸緲昏瘧錛岀炕璇戞垚浠ｈ瘝琛ㄨ揪闈炲父娓呮鐨勬椂鍊欐妸瀹冭瘧鎴愪唬璇嶏紝琛ㄨ揪涓嶆竻妤氱殑鏃跺€欒瘧鎴愬悕璇嶃€?/p>

銆€銆€渚嬶細(xì)But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.

銆€銆€浣嗘洿涓洪噸瑕佺殑鏄紝榪欐槸縐戝瀹朵滑鎵€鑳借嫻嬪埌鐨勬渶閬ヨ繙鐨勮繃鍘葷殑鏅薄錛屽洜涓轟粬浠湅鍒扮殑鏄?50浜垮勾鍓嶅畤瀹欎簯鐨勫艦鐘跺拰緇撴瀯銆?/p>

銆€銆€(2)鐗╃О浠ｈ瘝

銆€銆€鐗╃О浠ｈ瘝鏀懼湪鍙ラ鐨勬椂鍊欐湁涓ょ鎯呭喌錛氫竴縐嶆槸鍙互鎴栬€呰姹傛垜浠壘鍒板悕璇嶆潵浠ｆ浛瀹冿紝鍙︿竴縐嶆槸鎵句笉鍒板悕璇嶅彲浠ヤ唬鏇垮畠鎴栬€呮槸瑕佽娓呮榪欎釜浠ｈ瘝鏄粈涔堬紝娌″姙娉曚唬鍑轟唬璇嶃€傚鏋滆繖涓墿縐頒唬璇嶆斁鍦ㄥ彞涓垨鑰呭彞鏈殑鏃跺€欒鏍規(guī)嵁鍙ュ瓙鎯呭喌鐨勭炕璇戞潵琛ㄨ揪錛屽叧閿槸瑕佹竻闄ゃ€?/p>

銆€銆€渚嬶細(xì)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.

銆€銆€緇欐煇浜涗笌褰撳墠鐩爣鏃犲叧浣嗗皢鏉ュ彲鑳戒駭鐢熷獎(jiǎng)鍝嶇殑縐戠爺浠ユ敮鎸侊紝鐪嬫潵閫氬父鑳芥湁鏁堝湴瑙ｅ喅榪欎竴闂銆?/p>

銆€銆€(3)鎸囩ず浠ｈ瘝

銆€銆€渚嬶細(xì)During this transfer,traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

銆€銆€鍦ㄨ繖縐嶈漿鍙樹腑錛屽巻鍙插瀹剁爺絀跺巻鍙叉椂錛岄偅浜涜В閲婃柊鍙叉枡鐨勬柊鏂規(guī)硶鍏呭疄浜嗕紶緇熺殑鍘嗗彶鐮旂┒鏂規(guī)硶銆?/p>

銆€銆€(4)涓嶅畾浠ｈ瘝

銆€銆€涓嶆槑紜殑鎸囦唬涓€涓漢鎴栦竴涓簨鐗╃殑浠ｈ瘝

銆€銆€渚嬶細(xì)However,the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world''s more fascinating and delightful aspects.

銆€銆€鐒惰€岋紝涓栫晫灝辨槸濡傛錛屽畬緹庣殑浣撶郴涓€鑸€岃█鏄棤娉曡В鍐充笘涓婃煇浜涙洿鍔犲紩浜哄叆鑳滅殑璇鵑鐨勩€?/p>

銆€銆€(5)鐤戦棶浠ｈ瘝

銆€銆€渚嬶細(xì)It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources,and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

銆€銆€榪欑璋鍚屾牱瀛樺湪浜庡巻鍙蹭紶緇熸淳鍜屽巻鍙茬ぞ縐戞淳;鍓嶈€呰涓哄巻鍙插氨鏄彶瀛︾晫鍐呴儴鍜屽閮ㄤ漢澹鍚勭鍙叉枡鏉ユ簮鐨勮瘎璁猴紝鍚庤€呰涓哄巻鍙茬殑鐮旂┒鏄叿浣搑ong>

銆€銆€渚嬶細(xì)How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

銆€銆€榪欎簺棰勬祴鍦ㄥ澶х▼搴︿笂涓哄悗鏉ョ殑琛ㄧ幇鎵€璇佸疄錛岃繖鍙栧喅浜庢墍閲囩敤淇℃伅鐨勬暟閲忋€佸彲闈犳€у拰閫傚疁鎬э紝浠ュ強(qiáng)瑙ｉ噴榪欎簺淇℃伅鐨勬妧鑳藉拰鎵嶆櫤銆?br>

鏇村鍏蟲敞錛?/span>2014鑰冪爺鑻辮緲昏瘧蹇呭澶嶄範(fàn)鎶€宸ф眹鎬?/span>