2006騫磋€冪爺鑻辮璇曢緲昏瘧棰樼湡棰樿В鏋恄璺ㄨ€冪綉

銆€銆€46銆両 shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic錛堣嫃鏍兼媺搴曪級(jí)way about moral problems.

銆€銆€鍙傝€冭瘧鏂囷細(xì)

銆€銆€1銆佹垜鎶婄煡璇嗗垎瀛愬畾涔変負(fù)榪欐牱鐨勪釜浣擄細(xì)浠栫敤鑻忔牸鎷夊簳鐨勬柟寮忔€濊€冮亾寰烽棶棰橈紝騫朵互姝や綔涓哄叾鐢熷懡涓殑涓昏鑱岃矗涓庝箰瓚ｃ€?/p>

銆€銆€2銆佹垜鎶婄煡璇嗗垎瀛愬畾涔変負(fù)榪欐牱鐨勪釜浣擄紝浠栨妸鐢ㄨ嫃鏍兼媺搴曠殑鏂瑰紡鎬濊€冮亾寰烽棶棰樹綔涓鴻嚜宸辯殑涓昏璐ｄ換涓庝箰瓚ｃ€?/p>

銆€銆€緲昏瘧鐐硅瘎錛?/p>

銆€銆€鏈彞璇濈殑緲昏瘧涓昏闅懼湪鍙ュ瓙緇撴瀯鐨勫畯瑙傛妸鎻★紝鍏抽敭瑕佹姄浣忎互涓嬩袱鐐癸細(xì)絎竴錛寃ho寮曞鐨勫畾浜庝粠鍙ユ瘮杈冮暱錛屾墍浠ラ噰鍙栧悗緗炕璇戠殑鏂規(guī)硶錛涚浜岋紝鈥渁s his primary duty and pleasure in life鈥濇槸鐘惰鎴愬垎錛屾湰搴旀斁鍦ㄥ彞鏈綔琛ュ厖璇存槑錛岀敱浜巈lected鐨勫璇€渢he activity of thinking in Socratic錛堣嫃鏍兼媺搴曪級(jí)way about moral problems鈥濇瘮杈冮暱錛屾墍浠s寮曞鐨勭姸璇綔浜?jiǎn)鍓嵕|鐞嗭紝褰㈡垚鍊掕銆?/p>

銆€銆€浠庡井瑙傚眰闈㈡潵璁詫紝鍙ュ瓙鐨勮瘝涔夋妸鎻℃€諱綋綆€鍗曪紝鍏朵腑鐨刣efine鈥s鈥︼紙鎶娾€﹀畾涔変負(fù)鈥︼級(jí)錛岃繖涓瘝緇勫湪2003騫村氨鑰冭繃錛孲ocratic榪樼粰鍑轟簡(jiǎn)涓枃銆傝€冪敓瑕佹敞鎰忕殑鏄袱鐐癸細(xì)絎竴錛宧im榪欎釜浠ｈ瘝闇€瑕佹牴鎹笂鏂囪瘧鍑衡€滅煡璇嗗垎瀛愨€濓紝鍚﹀垯璇戞枃涓嶅瀹屾暣閫氶『錛岃€宨ntellectual榪欎釜鍗曡瘝鍦ㄥ巻騫磋€冮涓嚭鐜拌繃澶氭錛岃€冪敓搴旇璁よ瘑銆傜浜岋紝elect鍩烘湰鐨勬剰鎬濇槸閫変婦錛屾帹閫夛紝榪欓噷闇€瑕佹牴鎹笂涓嬫枃浣滈€傚綋鐨勫紩鐢籌紝鍙互鐞嗚В涓衡€滈€夋嫨鈥濄€傚叾瀹炲湪緲昏瘧鏃訛紝涓嶇敤璇戝嚭elect鐨勬剰鎬濄€?/p>

銆€銆€錛?7錛?His function is analogous to that of a judge錛?who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a maerer as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

銆€銆€鍙傝€冭瘧鏂囷細(xì)

銆€銆€1銆佺煡璇嗗垎瀛愮殑浣滅敤涓庢硶瀹樼殑浣滅敤綾諱技錛屽悗鑰呭繀欏繪壙鎷呯敤灝藉彲鑳芥槑鏄劇殑鏂瑰紡鏉ユ彮紺鴻浠栧仛鍑哄喅瀹氱殑鎺ㄧ悊榪囩▼鐨勮矗浠匯€?/p>

銆€銆€2銆佺煡璇嗗垎瀛愮殑浣滅敤綾諱技浜庢硶瀹樼殑浣滅敤錛屽悗鑰呭繀欏繪壙鎷呰搗榪欐牱鐨勮矗浠伙細(xì)鐢ㄥ敖鍙兘鏄庢樉鐨勬柟寮忔潵鎻ず璁╀粬鍋氬嚭鍐沖畾鐨勬帹鐞嗚繃紼嬨€?/p>

銆€銆€緲昏瘧鐐硅瘎錛?/p>

銆€銆€鏈彞璇濈殑緲昏瘧鍜?6棰樼浉浼鹼紝浠嶆棫鐪嬮噸鍙ュ瓙緇撴瀯鐨勫垎鏋愩€傞鍏堬紝who寮曞鐨勫畾浜庝粠鍙ユ槸涓€涓潪闄愬埗鎬у畾浜庝粠鍙ヨ€屼笖姣旇緝闀匡紝鎵€浠ュ悗緗炕璇戯紝鑰屼笖a judge榪欎釜鍚嶈瘝涓嶅鍏蜂綋錛岀壒鐐逛笉澶熸槑鏄撅紝鎵€浠ho寮曞鐨勫畾璇粠鍙ユ槸鍦ㄩ檺瀹歛 judge.鍏舵錛屸€渋n as obvious a matter as possible鈥濇槸鐘惰鎴愬垎錛岀敤鏉ヨ鏄巖eveal鐨勬柟寮忥紝鈥渢he course of reasoning which led him to his decision鈥濇槸reveal鐨勫璇€傜敱浜庡姩璇嶈瀹捐琚姸璇殧寮€錛屾墍浠ヨ€冪敓鍦ㄥ巻灞婃椂鏈変竴瀹氬洶闅俱€傛渶鍚庯紝鈥渨hich led him to his decision鈥濊繖涓畾璇粠鍙ヨ緝鐭紝鍙互鍏堣璇嶅墠闈㈢炕璇戙€?/p>

銆€銆€浠庡井瑙傜殑璇嶄箟鏂歸潰鏉ョ湅錛屾湰鍙ヨ瘽瑕佹敞鎰忎互涓嬪嚑涓柟闈細(xì)絎竴錛孒is function鏈€濂借瘧鍑衡€滅煡璇嗗垎瀛愮殑浣滅敤鈥濓紱絎簩錛宎nalogous琛ㄧず鐩鎬技鐨勶紝鍙悊瑙ｄ負(fù)similar錛屽緢澶氳€冪敓涓嶈兘杈冨ソ鎶婃彙榪欎釜鍗曡瘝錛涚涓夛紝in as obvious a manner as possible涓寘鍚玦n an obvious manner錛堟槑鏄劇殑鏂瑰紡錛夊拰as obvious as possible錛堝敖鍙兘鏄庢樉錛変袱涓瘝緇勶紝緲昏瘧鏃墮渶瑕佸噯鍒囩悊瑙ｈ瘝緇勭殑緇撳悎銆?/p>

銆€銆€錛?8錛?I have excluded him because錛?while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems錛?he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.

銆€銆€鍙傝€冭瘧鏂囷細(xì)

銆€銆€1銆佹垜涔嬫墍浠ユ妸鏅€氱瀛﹀鎺掗櫎鍦ㄥ錛屾槸鍥犱負(fù)铏界劧浠栫殑鎴愬氨鏈夊姪浜庤В鍐抽亾寰烽棶棰橈紝浣嗘槸浠栧彧鏄壙鎷呬簡(jiǎn)瑙﹀強(qiáng)榪欎簺闂浜嬪疄鏂歸潰鐨勪換鍔°€?/p>

銆€銆€錛堟敼榪涳細(xì)鎴戜箣鎵€浠ユ妸鏅€氱瀛﹀鎺掗櫎鍦ㄥ錛屾槸鍥犱負(fù)铏界劧浠栫殑鎴愬氨鏈夊姪浜庤В鍐抽亾寰烽棶棰橈紝浣嗘槸浠栧彧鏄Е鍙?qiáng)浜?jiǎn)榪欎簺闂鐨勪簨瀹炴柟闈€傦級(jí)

銆€銆€2銆佸洜涓鴻櫧鐒舵櫘閫氱瀛﹀鐨勬垚灝辨湁鍔╀簬瑙ｅ喅閬撳痙闂錛屼絾鏄粬鍙槸鎵挎媴浜?jiǎn)瑙﹀強(qiáng)杩欎簺闂浜嬪疄鏂归潰鐨勪徽d姟錛屾墍浠ユ垜鎶婁粬鎺掗櫎鍦ㄥ銆?/p>

銆€銆€緲昏瘧鐐硅瘎錛?/p>

銆€銆€瀹忚涓婃潵璁詫紝鏈彞璇濅笉闅撅紝涓昏鑰冨療鍥犳灉鍏崇郴錛岃櫧鐒跺湪鍘熷洜閮ㄥ垎鍔犲叆while寮曞鐨勮姝ヤ粠鍙ワ紝浣嗗彞瀛愮粨鏋勪粛鏃х畝鍗曘€?/p>

銆€銆€鏈彞璇濈殑闅劇偣鍦ㄤ簬寰灞傞潰鐨勮瘝涔夋妸鎻°€侲xclude涓巌nclude鐩稿弽錛屾槸鎺掗櫎鐨勬剰鎬濓紱accomplishment琛ㄧず鎴愬氨錛沜ontribute to鎰忎負(fù)鏈夊埄浜庯紝鏈夊姪浜庯紱be charged with搴旇鏄€冪敓鏈€闅劇悊瑙ｇ殑鍦版柟錛屽畠鏈€鏅€氱殑鎰忔€濇槸鎺у憡錛屼絾榪欓噷be charged with a task搴旂悊瑙ｄ負(fù)鎵挎媴涓€欏逛換鍔°€傚彟澶栵紝鍙ュ瓙涓湁涓垎寮€鐨勮瘝緇勶紝not鈥ny but鈥︼紝琛ㄧずonly錛岀悊瑙ｄ負(fù)鈥滀粎浠呪€濓紱鍙錛?a href="http://m.ivlnzgm.cn/" target="_blank">鑰冪爺緲昏瘧鏄互涓€瀹氱殑璇嶆眹閲忎負(fù)鍩虹鐨勩€傞櫎浜?jiǎn)杩欎簺璇嶄箟鐨勬妸鎻″Q屽湪緲昏瘧鏃惰繕瑕佹敞鎰忔妸鍙ュ瓙寮€澶寸殑浠ｈ瘝him鍏蜂綋鍖栵紝鎸囦唬涓婃枃涓殑鍗曟暟鍚嶈瘝average scientist錛堟櫘閫氱瀛﹀錛夈€?/p>

銆€銆€錛?9錛塀ut his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity錛?any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.

銆€銆€鍙傝€冭瘧鏂囷細(xì)

銆€銆€1銆佷絾鏄櫘閫氱瀛﹀鐨勪富瑕佷換鍔″茍闈炴槸鎬濊€冪害鏉熷叾琛屼負(fù)鐨勯亾寰峰噯鍒欙紝榪欐濡備漢浠笉鏈熸湜鍟嗕漢鑷村姏浜庢帰絀跺晢涓氳涓鴻鑼冦€?/p>

銆€銆€2銆佷絾鏄櫘閫氱瀛﹀鐨勪富瑕佷換鍔″茍闈炴€濊€冮亾寰峰噯鍒欙紝铏界劧閬撳痙鍑嗗垯綰︽潫鐫€浠栫殑琛屼負(fù)錛涜繖姝ｅ浜轟滑涓嶆寚鏈涘晢浜鴻嚧鍔涗簬鎺㈢┒鍟嗕笟琛屼負(fù)瑙勮寖銆?/p>

銆€銆€緲昏瘧鐐硅瘎錛?/p>

銆€銆€浠庡畯瑙傛鏋跺眰闈㈡潵鐪嬶紝鍏抽敭鏄鎶婃彙涓ょ偣錛氱涓€錛屸€渨hich governs his activity鈥濊繖涓畾浜庝粠鍙ュ彲浠ユ斁鍦ㄨ闄愬畾鐨勫悕璇嶅墠闈紝璇戞枃浼?xì)鏄惧緱绠€緇冿紝褰撶劧鍚庣疆緲昏瘧涔熸槸鍙互鐨勶紱鑰冪敓鏈€闅炬妸鎻＄殑鏄痭ot鈥ny more than鈥︼紝琛ㄧず涓よ€呯被浼箋€傛墍浠ュ悗鍗婂彞璇濇槸鐢ㄧ被姣旂殑鏂瑰紡瀵瑰墠鍗婂彞璇濊繘琛岃鏄庛€?/p>

銆€銆€鍦ㄨ瘝涔夌殑寰灞傞潰涓婏紝鏈変簺璇嶇粍闇€瑕佹敞鎰忋€俶oral code涓紝code琛ㄧず緙栫爜錛岄亾寰風(fēng)紪鐮佷笉鍚岄『錛岄渶瑕佺粨鍚堟眽璇〃杈句範(fàn)鎯紝璇戜負(fù)鈥滈亾寰峰噯鍒欌€濓紝鈥滈亾寰鋒爣鍑嗏€濈瓑銆俤edicate to琛ㄧず鑷村姏浜庯紝濡傛灉榪欎釜璇嶇粍娌℃湁鍑嗙‘鐞嗚В錛屽彞瀛愬氨寰堥毦璇戝ソ銆侲xploration鏄紑鍙戞帰绱箣鎰忥紝緲昏瘧鏃墮渶瑕佸仛涓€鐐硅皟鏁淬€傜湅瑙侊紝鑰冪爺緲昏瘧涓嶄粎鑰冨療瀵瑰崟璇嶇殑璁ょ煡錛岃€屼笖鑰冨療鏍規(guī)嵁涓婁笅鏂囦綔鎰忔€濊漿鎹笌寮曠敵鐨勮兘鍔涖€?/p>

銆€銆€錛?0錛?They may teach very well錛?and more than earn their salaries錛?but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.

銆€銆€鍙傝€冭瘧鏂囷細(xì)

銆€銆€1銆佹暀甯堝彲鑳芥搮闀挎暀涔︼紝鑰屼笖涓嶄粎浠呬笓娉ㄤ簬璧氶挶錛屼絾鏄ぇ閮ㄥ垎鏁欏笀瀵規(guī)秹鍙?qiáng)錆h綾婚亾寰峰垽鏂殑闂寰堝皯鎴栨病鏈夎繘琛岀嫭绔嬬殑鎬濊€冦€?/p>

銆€銆€緲昏瘧鐐硅瘎錛?/p>

銆€銆€鏈彞璇濈浉瀵圭畝鍗曪紝鍙ュ瓙鐢ㄨ櫧鐒垛€︿絾鏄€︾殑緇撴瀯鍗沖彲浠庡墠寰€鍚庢寜欏哄簭緲昏瘧錛屼負(fù)璇戦渶瑕佷綔璋冩暣鐨勫湴鏂瑰氨鏄彞瀛愭渶鍚庣殑瀹氫簬浠庡彞銆傝瀹氳浠庡彞杈冪煭錛屽彲浠ユ斁鍦ㄥ厛琛岃瘝鍓嶉潰緲昏瘧銆?/p>

銆€銆€鍦ㄨ瘝涔夋妸鎻＄殑寰灞傞潰錛岃娉ㄦ剰more than琛ㄧず涓嶄粎浠咃紝瓚呰繃錛沴ittle鍏鋒湁鍚﹀畾鎰忓懗錛屼笉鑳界炕璇戜負(fù)涓€浜涚瓑銆?/p>

銆€銆€綰佃2006騫?鏈?4鏃ョ殑鑰冪爺緲昏瘧錛屽彞瀛愰暱搴﹂毦搴︿笌榪戜袱騫寸浉宸笉澶э紝鍙ュ瓙緇撴瀯閲嶅湪瀹氳浠庡彞鍜屽€掕緇撴瀯鐨勫鐞嗭紝鑰冨療浜?jiǎn)鍥犳灉鍏尘p匯€佽漿鎶樺叧緋葷瓑錛岃繖浜涢兘鏄拰寰€騫翠竴騫淬€傞毦鐨勫湴鏂規(guī)槸鍑虹幇浜?jiǎn)鍒嗘暎鐨勫惁瀹毦l撴瀯錛屼互鍙?qiáng)涓€浜涘崟璇嶆牴鎹笂涓嬫枃浣滄剰鎬濊漿鎹㈠紩鐢熾€傚彟澶栵紝榪欐緲昏瘧涓嚭鐜頒簡(jiǎn)浠ュ線鑰冭繃鐨勪笉灝戝崟璇嶏紝璇存槑浜?jiǎn)鍘嗱q寸湡棰樼殑浣滅敤錛屽€煎緱寮曡搗鑰冪敓娉ㄦ剰銆?/p>

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