2013騫磋€冪爺鑻辮緲昏瘧:鎷嗗垎緇勫悎 鍒嗘瀽闅懼彞_璺ㄨ€冪綉

銆€銆€緲昏瘧鏄?strong>鑰冪爺鑻辮涓竴涓緝闅劇殑閮ㄥ垎錛岃澶氳€冪敓寰楀垎閮戒笉澶悊鎯熾€傜┒鍏跺師鍥狅紝涓昏鏄毦鍙ュ垎鏋愩€佺‘瀹氳瘝涔変笌閫昏緫緇勫悎絳夋柟闈㈠仛寰椾笉澶ソ銆傚湪姝ゅ緩璁紝瀵逛簬鑻辮緲昏瘧棣栧厛鏄毦鍙ュ垎鏋愩€傝繖涓€鐐逛笌闃呰閮ㄥ垎鍜屽畬鍨嬪～絀洪儴鍒嗘槸綾諱技鐨勶紝涓嶈繃鑻辮瘧姹夐儴鍒嗘洿鍔犻泦涓湴鑰冩煡闅懼彞銆傛墍浠ュ垎鏋愰毦鍙ョ殑鑳藉姏鏄仛濂借嫳璇戞眽閮ㄥ垎鐨勪竴欏規(guī)瀬鍏墮噸瑕佺殑鑳藉姏銆傚彲浠ユ寜鐓т笅鍒楁柟娉曟媶鍒嗕竴涓彞瀛愶細(xì)

銆€銆€1)紜畾涓誨彞鍜屼粠鍙ワ紝浠ュ強(qiáng)涓誨彞鍜屼粠鍙ヤ腑鐨勪富瑕佹垚鍒?涓昏皳瀹?;

銆€銆€2)鍒掑垎鎰忕兢---灝嗘剰涔夌浉瀵圭嫭绔嬬殑鍗曚綅錛屽鍖呭惈涓€涓姩璇嶇殑閮ㄥ垎涓€涓€鍒掑垎寮€鏉ャ€傜粡榪囦笂榪版媶鍒嗕互鍚庯紝鍙ュ瓙澶ц嚧鍒嗘垚鍥涗釜閮ㄥ垎(涔熷彲鑳藉皯浜庢垨澶氫簬鍥涗釜閮ㄥ垎)錛屽洜涓轟竴鍙ヨ瘽鐨勫垎鏁版槸2鍒嗭紝涓€鑸垎鎴?涓粰鍒嗙偣銆備緥濡傦紝

銆€銆€72. 鈥淚n short鈥? a leader of the new school contends, 鈥渢he scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.鈥?(1994-72)

銆€銆€鏈彞鏈夊洓涓姩璇嶏細(xì)contends, call, was, expanded錛屽彲浠ュ垎涓哄洓涓儴鍒嗭細(xì)

銆€銆€a leader of the new school contends鈥?璇磋瘽浜?

銆€銆€as we call it鈥?瀹氳浠庡彞錛屼慨楗皌he scientific revolution)

銆€銆€鈥渢he scientific revolution鈥as largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments鈥?鐩存帴寮曡閮ㄥ垎錛屼負(fù)contends鐨勫璇?

銆€銆€that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions(瀹氳浠庡彞錛屼慨楗皌he improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments)銆?/p>

銆€銆€瑕佹敞鎰忓畾璇粠鍙hat expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions鐨勭炕璇戙€?/p>

銆€銆€鍙堝錛?/p>

銆€銆€72. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. (1995-72)

銆€銆€鏈彞鐨勪富騫叉槸How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon鈥nd on鈥︼紝鍏朵腑涓昏鏄釜涓昏浠庡彞How well鈥y later performance銆傛湰鍙ユ湁涓変釜璋撹鍔ㄨ瘝錛歷alidated錛宒epends upon錛宨nterpreted錛屾墍浠ョ炕璇戞椂鏈彞鍙互鎷嗗垎鎴愪笁閮ㄥ垎錛?/p>

銆€銆€How well the predictions will be validated by later performance鈥?/p>

銆€銆€depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used鈥?/p>

銆€銆€and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

銆€銆€瑕佹敞鎰忓畾璇粠鍙ith which it is interpreted鐨勭炕璇戙€?/p>

銆€銆€渚嬩笁錛?/p>

銆€銆€62. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(2003-62)

銆€銆€鏈彞鐨勪富騫叉槸Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry錛屽畾璇粠鍙hich seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner 淇グthat branch of intellectual enquiry 錛岃€屽畾璇粠鍙hat natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena 鍙堜慨楗板厛琛岃瘝manner銆傛湰鍙ユ湁涓変釜鍔ㄨ瘝錛歩s錛宻eeks, use錛屾墍浠ョ炕璇戞椂鏈彞鍙互鎷嗗垎鎴愪笁閮ㄥ垎銆傝娉ㄦ剰涓や釜瀹氳浠庡彞鐨勭炕璇戙€?/p>

銆€銆€涓婇潰涓変釜渚嬪瓙琛ㄦ槑浜?jiǎn)鍒嗘瀽闅惧彞鐨剺q囩▼涓庢柟娉曘€傝鍋氬埌鑰冭瘯鏃跺ù鐔熷湴鎷嗗垎闅懼彞錛屽繀欏誨仛涓€浜涢毦鍙ュ垎鏋愮粌涔?fàn)锛岃嚊_皯瑕佹妸94騫翠互鏉ヨ€冭繃鐨勮嫳璇戞眽鍙ュ瓙閮藉垎鏋愬嚑閬嶏紝騫朵笖鍒嗙被鏁寸悊錛屽灝嗗悇綾誨畾璇粠鍙ャ€佺姸璇粠鍙ョ瓑鍒嗗埆榪涜闆嗕腑鍒嗘瀽銆傝繃涓€孌墊椂闂達(dá)紝闅懼彞鍒嗘瀽鑳藉姏蹇呯劧浼?xì)澶q呮彁楂樸€?/p>