2014考研英語作文指導(dǎo)：如何寫好段落_跨考網(wǎng)

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　　文章往往都是由幾個(gè)段落組成，和句子一樣，段落也是為文章的中心思想服務(wù)，形成一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體?？缈?a href="http://m.ivlnzgm.cn/" target="_blank">考研張老師認(rèn)為好的段落必須是意思完整，語義連貫，完全體現(xiàn)文章主旨中心，同時(shí)又是層次分明，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，邏輯關(guān)系應(yīng)用合理的。
　　一、段落的組成
　　一個(gè)段落由三部分組成：
　　1．主題句（Topic Sentence）:點(diǎn)出段落的主題（談?wù)撌裁矗?br>　　2．?dāng)U展句（Developing Sentence）:說明和支持主題。
　　3．結(jié)尾句（Concluding Sentence）:得出結(jié)論。

　　二、段落的主題
　　一篇文章有中心意思，也就是題目。而每個(gè)段落則有段落主題，段落主題是為文章中心思想服務(wù)的。
　　每個(gè)段落只能有一個(gè)主題（central idea），它用一個(gè)句子加以表達(dá)，所以稱為主題句。主題提出后需要很多結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)木渥觼碇С趾驼f明，稱為擴(kuò)展句。最后得出一個(gè)結(jié)論，并用一個(gè)結(jié)尾句表達(dá)。參看下面段落：
　?。ㄖ黝}句）Slavery in the United States existed almost unchanged for 250 years.(擴(kuò)展句1)During this time, most slaves were not allowed to marry or to raise families.(擴(kuò)展句2) Usually they were not allowed to learn to read.(擴(kuò)展句3) It was very dangerous for a slave to travel, since even free Negroes could be kidnapped and sold at any time. (結(jié)尾句)Under these conditions, it was almost impossible for them to organize to help each other.

　　三、寫好主題句
　　定義：主題句為一個(gè)完整的句子，用以概括、敘述和說明該段的主題。
　　位置：主題句一般位于段首，也可置于段尾或段中，考生最好放在段首，這樣較易掌握和構(gòu)思。例如：
　　位于段首：在英文中，大部分段落的第一句便是主題句。開門見山地提出問題，后面的擴(kuò)展句圍繞主題句加以說明、支持、補(bǔ)充和解釋。
　　Learning English at college is different from learning English at the middle school. In the middle school, the students are more dependent and passive. But college students must solve most of the problems by themselves. They will have to consult the dictionaries and reference books by themselves and prepare their lessons.
　　位于段尾：主題句位于段尾便于總結(jié)全段的內(nèi)容，給讀者以深刻的印象，是寫作中的一種演繹方法。
　　Similarly, in order to write successful answers to essay questions on history or anthropology examinations, a student must arrange the relevant facts and opinions according to some accepted pattern of paragraph structure. And certainly when a student writes a book report for English, or a critiques for politics studies, or a term paper for sociology, style and organization are often as important as content. Clearly, the ability to write well organized, concise paragraphs and essays is essential to a student’s success in almost all university courses.
　　位于段中：位于段中的主題句起承上啟下的作用，這類主題句多起轉(zhuǎn)折作用，一般由“but, however, yet, anyhow, nevertheless”等詞連接，用于引起下文。
　　What we teach ourselves sometimes indeed in more useful than what we learn from others. Some great men had little or no schooling. But these great men probably studied harder by themselves than most boys do in school. The greatest minds do not necessarily of those who have never been able to distinguish themselves at school, have been very successful in life later. It has been said that Wellington and Napoleon were both dull boys at school, and so were Newton and Albert Einstein.
　　無主題句：有的段落中無主題句，段落的主題思想通過文章內(nèi)容來提示，這種方法能促使讀者對文章內(nèi)容時(shí)行思考和分析，但考生一般不宜在考試中采用這種方法：
　　There came a breeze, then a gust of wind, The wind became stronger. It rattled the windows, turned up the fallen leaves, bent down the trees. Distant rumbling thunder was heard and came nearer and nearer. Large drops of rain began to fall. Flashes of lightening lit up the sky. Thunder roared overhead. Now the rain poured down,

　　寫好主題句的方法：
　　1． 主題句要概括一定內(nèi)容，不要空泛，否則擴(kuò)展句將難以說明和支持它，例如：
　　空泛：English language is very important.
　　概括：English language is very important in our daily life.
　　空泛：The Olympic Games are exciting.
　　概括：In the Olympic Games the football teams from many countries compete intensely.
　　2． 盡量使用簡單句或簡潔明了的句子：
　　簡潔：Collecting stamps is her hobby.
　　復(fù)雜: She likes collecting stamps which is her hobby.
　　簡潔: I enjoyed watching Gone with the wind very much.
　　復(fù)雜：Gone with the wind was a good film which I enjoyed watching very much.
　　3． 主題句應(yīng)該做到句子完整和表達(dá)的主題思想完整：
　　不完整：How to write a composition.
　　完整：How to write a composition is not an easy thing to talk about.
　　不完整：If the weather was fine.
　　完整：If it was fine, we would have had a good time.
　　4． 寫好主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞。
　　關(guān)鍵詞是直接表達(dá)主題的詞匯，它決定段落的內(nèi)容和展開的方法，引導(dǎo)整個(gè)段落的發(fā)
展，例如：
　　There are several ways to boil the water.
　　The task can be finished in three steps.
　　There is a new method to reduce the cost.

　　四、寫好擴(kuò)展句和段落
　　圍繞主題句展開，支持、說明和闡述主題句的句子便是擴(kuò)展句。擴(kuò)展句緊扣主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞而展開，句子與句子之間邏輯清楚，上下轉(zhuǎn)承結(jié)合得當(dāng)，簡明扼要，重點(diǎn)突出。一般來說，每個(gè)自然段除了主題句與結(jié)尾句之外，還包含了3－6個(gè)擴(kuò)展句。所以，寫好了擴(kuò)展句便基本上完成一個(gè)自然段落。
　　做題時(shí)，一旦定下了主題和關(guān)鍵詞，作者便按照自己的思路來組織段落中的句子，句子之間要具有連貫性，就必須由一系列的邏輯關(guān)系構(gòu)成，例如：并列關(guān)系，因果關(guān)系，遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，解釋關(guān)系，概括關(guān)系，順序關(guān)系，讓步關(guān)系，對照比較關(guān)系，轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系等等，這些邏輯關(guān)系可由一系列的過渡詞（transitional words）來完成。過渡詞在句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間起到承上啟下的作用，使句子或段落之間的銜接自然、連貫，邏輯合理，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，故極為重要。
　　例如：
　　構(gòu)成時(shí)間關(guān)系的過渡詞有：first, in the first place, since then, thereafter, there fore, lately, later, meanwhile, at last等。
　　構(gòu)成空間關(guān)系的過渡詞有：before, behind, below, between, beyond, farther, in front of , near to, next to, over, under, up, close to等。

　　五、寫好擴(kuò)展句和段落必須注意的事項(xiàng)和方法
　　1． 避免寫出與主題不相關(guān)的句子。例如：
　　There are several ways to improve our English writing skills and keeping a diary in English is surely one of them. Compared with other forms of writing, it is shorter and takes less time. My mother advised me to write diary when I was very young.（本句去掉意思更為合理）It can help us cultivate the habit of thinking in English. If we can keep this practice, we will gradually learn how to express ourselves in English.
　　2． 混合使用簡單句、并列句、復(fù)合句和短語等。
　　如果段落中都是一種結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，雖然都能支持主題句，但內(nèi)容仍讀起來單調(diào)。句式有變化，文章讀起來才有活力，令人回味。
There are also many quite, private things that I enjoy doing (主從復(fù)合句)I would spend a whole day reading a book, and I sometime stay up late at night reading a good novel.(并列句)When I am tired of physical activities, I may find a good movies or a light TV program very entertaining.(主從復(fù)合句) In short, I like to do many different kinds of things, depending on the mood I am in and the kind of people I am in and the kind of people I am around.(簡單句，分詞短語作狀語)
　　3．按時(shí)間順序（time order）或空間順序（space order）來完成段落。
按照時(shí)間和空間的順序來組織段落是記敘文常用的方法。有時(shí)兩種方法單獨(dú)使用，有時(shí)混合使用。例如：
　?。?）按時(shí)間順序
　　We had a hard time getting Peter out of the well he had fallen into. First we fashioned a rope by linking our belts together. Then we lowered it to Peter, telling him to grasp the end. After he had hold of the belt-rope, we began to pull him slowly, inch by inch, out of the well. During his ascent, no one dared speak a word. Finally we could grasp his arms, and with a shout of relief, we pulled him out onto the grassy band.
　　(2)按空間順序
　　Down the middle of the valley runs a clear, fast stream in which one may fish. In the low land along the stream are the farmlands; beyond them are the pastures. Behind the tops of the first hills are the big mountains. At the very top in the pure, brown rock of EI Ermitano Mountain, which shows snow until the middle of summer. Flowers cover the pasturelands in season.
　　空間順序法常用的過渡詞有：
　　beyond, above, under, nearby, outside, in here, across, close to, on(to)the left(right), ahead of, in front of, above, across, across, from, adjacent to, against, around, at the bottom, before, behind, below, beneath, between, beyond, close at hand, close to down, far, farther, in the center of, in the distance, in the middle of, nearby, near to, next to, on the opposite side, opposite to, on top of ,　over, under, up等。
　　4．定義法（definition）
　　當(dāng)段落的主題闡述“是什么”（What is）時(shí)，便可用定義法。詞典中的詞條解釋便是定義法最好的例子：
define→State precisely the meaning of sth;
dictionary→a book listing and explaining the words of a language;
example→fact, thing, etc. which illustrates or represents a general rule;
hope→feeling of expectation and desire.
　　定義法用一段話來解釋說明某事物的性質(zhì)和特征等，定義的對象可以是一個(gè)抽象的概念或具體的事物，包括性質(zhì)、特征、結(jié)構(gòu)、用途、行為、原理、來源等等。例如：
　　What is honesty? Honesty means speaking the truth and being fair and upright in act. Honesty is a good virtue. He who lies cheats is dishonest. Those who gain fortunes, not by hard labor, but by other means are dishonest.
　　定義法常用法表達(dá)方法有：
　　what is …, to be defined as, to refer to, the definition of …is, to be used to describe, in a very real sense, in a limited sense, this is, this means, be explained, state that, in other words. namely等。
　　5．因果法（cause and effect）
　　當(dāng)段落的主題要解釋“為什么”（Why）時(shí)，便可采用“因果法”。因果法根據(jù)事物的原因（cause）推導(dǎo)出來結(jié)果（effect），它以事實(shí)（fact）和證據(jù)（evidence）為根據(jù)，前后過程合乎邏輯和常理，因果關(guān)系可分以前因后果，前果后因，一因一果和多果多因多種式?？佳凶魑闹谐Ｓ玫揭灰蚨喙投嘁蛞还问健＠纾?br>　?。?） 一因多果：
　　It was the end of my exhausting first day as waitress in a busy New York restaurant.(因)
　　Cap had gone away, my apron was stained, my feet ached. (果)The loaded trays I carried felt heavier.(果)Weary and discouraged, I didn’t seem able to do anything right,(果)As I made out a complicated check for a family with several children who had changed their ice-cream order a dozen times, I was ready to quit .(果)
　　一段第一句為主題句，其余的句子為擴(kuò)展句，四個(gè)擴(kuò)展句的內(nèi)容是由主題句中“exhausting”一種原因所產(chǎn)生的多種果。
　?。?）一果多因：
　　Health is a condition of wisdom, and a sign of cheerfulness.(果)If a man is in poor health, he will have many troubles and suffer a great deal.(因)He has to spend much time and money to go to a hospital for examinations and treatment.(因)In addition, his relatives and friends have to take care of him,(因)In this sense, poor health brings trouble to others as well as to the patient himself.(因)As we know, happiness and success depend on achievements and progress.(因)Good health is one of the many factors that lead to achievement and success, and the basis of them is health.(因)
　　本段的第一句為主題句，提出作者的觀點(diǎn)，即“健康是智慧的條件，快樂的標(biāo)志”，后面的擴(kuò)展句說明這種觀點(diǎn)的原因，證明為什么這個(gè)結(jié)論是正確的。
because, since, as, seeing that, the reason why…because of, on account of due to, so, thus, hence, therefore, accordingly, consequently, so that, as a result of, in consequence of, result in, result from, lead to, so…as to, owing to, to have an effect on, for the reason, in this way等。
　　6．比較與對比法（comparison contrast）
　　當(dāng)段落的主題要指出兩件以上事物的相同，（similarities）或相異（differences）之處時(shí)，便可采用比較或?qū)Ρ鹊姆椒ā?br>　　“比較”闡述所比對象的相似之處：“對比”闡述所比對象不同之處。比較和對比一般采用兩種方法來組織：1）對兩項(xiàng)或多項(xiàng)事的異同之處逐點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較對照，排列順序?yàn)椋篈1，B1，A2，B2；A3，B3…。2）對兩項(xiàng)或多項(xiàng)事物的異同之處逐項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比較對照，排列順序?yàn)椋篈1，A2，A3;B1,B2,B3; …。例如
　?。?） 比較

　　　　　　　　　　　　　Paragraph and Essay
　　Despite their obvious differences in length, the paragraph and the essay are quite similar structurally. For example, the paragraph is introduced by either a topic sentence or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the essay the first paragraph provides introductory material and establishes the topic sentence. Similarly, the body of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that expand and support the ideas presented in the introductory paragraph. Finally, a terminator-whether a restatement, conclusion, or observation-ends the paragraph. The essay, too, has a device which brings its ideas to a logically and psychologically satisfying completion: the concluding paragraph. Although exceptions to these generalizations may be observed in modern creative writing, most well written expository paragraphs and essays are comparble in structure.
　　本段文章對段落和文章在結(jié)構(gòu)上相似之處作了細(xì)致的比較，方法為：A1，B1；A2，B2；A3，B3；…。

　?。?）對比：

　　There is an essential difference between a new story, as understood by a newspaperman or a wire-service writer, and the newsmagazine story, The chief purpose of the conventional news story is to tell what happened. It starts with the most important information and continues into increasingly inconsequential details, not only because the reader may not read beyond the first paragraph but because an editor working on galley proofs a few minutes before press time likes to be able to cut feely from the end of the story. A newsmagazine is very different. It is written to be read consecutively from beginning to end, and each of its stories is designed, following the critical theories of Edgar Allen Poe, to create one emotional effect. The news, what happened that week, may be told in the beginning, the middle, or the end ; for the purpose is not to throw information at the reader but to reduce him into reading the whole story, and into accepting the dramatic(and often political)point being made.
　　本段文章就傳統(tǒng)新聞報(bào)道和新聞雜志報(bào)道的不同之處進(jìn)行了鮮明的對比，采用A1，A2，A3；B1，B2，B3；…的方法。

　　　　　　　　　　Railways and Automobile Roads
　　Some people say that railways are more important than automobile roads. But in my opinion, automobile roads and railways complement each other. Railways do not touch small places , while automobile roads can be constructed to reach every place, even villages situated in remote corners of the country. Railways are constructed only for the trains, but roads will prove equally useful for bicycles, carriages and other kinds of vehicles. The cost of building automobile roads is also such lower than that of building railways.
　　本段文章對鐵路的不用途作了實(shí)際的對比，以證明自己對“鐵路比公路重要”的看法不同見解，采用方法為：A1，B1；A2，B2；A3，B3；…。

　　比較和對比法常用的過渡詞有：
　　like, likewise, unlike, similarly, in the same way, on the other hand, compare with, by comparison, in contrast to, on the contrary, but, so despite, yet, instead, while, whereas, however, nevertheless, although, even though, conversely, different from, equally important, in spite of. instead, in the same manner, still等。