2014考研英語指導：作文高分標準_跨考網(wǎng)

　　一、 內(nèi)容切題，包括提綱的全部內(nèi)容
　　跨考考研英語輔導專家認為作文的高分標準首先是要切題。但許多考生認為作文題己有要求和提綱，按題目寫作不會出問題。但跨考考研調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示事實往往并非如此，許多考生仍然跑題或扣不準題。有的考生辭不達意，有的考生主題不突出，還有的考生照搬照抄，結(jié)果文不對題。
所謂的切題指不偏離主題，提綱的所有內(nèi)容都是圍繞主題來展開的。
　　Example
　　Title: Good Health
　　Outline: 1. Importance of good health
　　2. Ways to ensure a good health
　　文章的主題很顯然是談?wù)摻】祮栴}，同時是圍繞健康的重要性和怎樣保持健康的身體兩方面來談?wù)摰摹Ｓ械目忌唇?jīng)仔細審題便匆匆落筆，結(jié)果將文章寫成“健康與財富”，不能滿足評分標的第一項要求。一篇較好的文章如下：

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Good Health
　　Good health is the best reassurance a person can possess. The world, with all its attractions and wonders, is open to those who have wealth, but they cannot enjoy it unless they have good health. It is very difficult for a man, no matter how rich, powerful or learned he may be, to be happy without good health. But if he enjoys good health, a poor and humble man can be happy. There is no doubt, therefore, that“Good health is the best wealth”
　　The human body is wonderful engine .It is far more delicate than a locomotive .Everyone must be the engineer and fireman of his own body. If well maintained, If it is out of order, its master will suffer. There are a number of useful rules which will ensure good health if people follow them.
　　Cleanliness-The body needs to be kept clean. It should be washed at least once a week in winter and once a day in summer.
Fresh air- One of the chief constituents of the air is oxygen, which is necessary for life. We ought to see that our rooms are always full of fresh air.
　　Food-Care should be taken that the food is wholesome and suited to the constitution.
　　Exercise-The muscle must be all kept exercised, although not to excess.
Sleep-The hours of sleep are very valuable, during which the mind is kept as calm and peaceful as possible. We cannot have good health unless the brain be renewed by sleep.

　　所以一開始短文寫作，考生應(yīng)注意以下幾個方面：
　　1．認真審題。先分析題目所包含的內(nèi)容和信息，把握住出題者的意圖，確定文章屬于哪一種體裁，思考表達文體和寫作手法，以能將主題思想完美表達出來。然后仔細閱讀作文要求、提綱或其他相關(guān)內(nèi)容（如圖表、圖畫、數(shù)字說明等），注意抓住題目和提綱中的關(guān)鍵詞及提綱要點之間的銜接和邏輯關(guān)系，進一步考慮怎樣組織段落來突出主題。以下面的試題為例：
　?。?） Money is regarded by some people as the most important thing in life…
　?。?） But money can not buy everything…
　　（3） There are people who gamble or cheat to obtain money…

　　對于這類試題，由于標題和每段的主題句都己具備，考生要注意的就是在題目所提示的主題思想基礎(chǔ)上，按照各段主題句關(guān)鍵作出的提示和思想進行深入的論述和發(fā)揮。很明顯，本文屬于議論文題材，需要考生發(fā)表議論和看法。要注意的是，第一段中“some people”提示論述的是別人的觀點，而第二段和第三段談?wù)摰牟攀亲约旱挠^點和看法。如果在閱讀要求時不認真，審題不仔細，就會把第一段也寫成自己的觀點，結(jié)果使第二段和第一段的不能自銜接，在邏輯上也出現(xiàn)混亂。

　　2．組織段落，構(gòu)思選材。段落圍繞主題來展開，但各個段落也有主題句和段落中心。主題句即本段的論點，圍繞論點提供論據(jù)抓住了段落中心，而句子之間或段落之間的承上啟下，過渡連貫，句型邏輯等也要同進考慮，對于材料的取舍也應(yīng)該胸有成竹，避免下筆時無章可循，離題萬里。例如：
　　Advertising
　　(1) Nowadays advertisements are found everywhere
　　(2) Advertisements fill almost every minute of a day
　　(3) No one can avoid being influenced by ads.

　　從標題和三段主題句的提示中可以看出，主題思想己很明確，從體裁來看，本文屬于敘述文，對生活中的一些事實進行陳述，同時附帶自己的看法。文章為三段式結(jié)構(gòu)，段首句均為主題句，要注意找出句子的關(guān)鍵詞，它們分別為：第一段主題句中是“everywhere”；第三段主題句中是“every minute”;第三段主題句中為“no one can avoid”。每段主題句之后的擴展句均要圍繞這些關(guān)鍵詞來展開和發(fā)揮，同時考生要注意控制每段字數(shù)。

　　二、表達清楚，意義連貫
　　表達清楚包含三方面的內(nèi)容，一是敘述要清楚，一目了然；二是作者的遣詞造句要得當，過渡要連貫平穩(wěn)；三是主題明確，論點論據(jù)展開合理（以時間、過程、空間、詳情、列舉、概括、對比、因果、分類、定義、發(fā)展高潮或綜合等方法來展開）。
　　下面這段文章表達不清楚，意義也不連貫：
　　Finding information in a library can be very confusing. There are so many reference books. Their functions are not always clear. One good place to start looking for facts is the card catalogue, and also, the librarian is always ready to answer questions.
　　經(jīng)改進
　　Finding information in a library can be very confusing. Although there are so many reference books, their functions are not always clear. One good place to start looking for facts is the card catalogue. Also, the librarian is always ready to answer question.

　　三、句式有變化　
　　有的考生從頭到尾使用簡單句，使整個文章變得平淡無味，一看就是初學者水平。
　　句式有變化指的是一定的意義要用合適的句型來表達，它包含兩層意思：一是采用適當?shù)木湫蛠肀磉_內(nèi)容，包括簡單句、并列句、復合句、主動被動句、長句、短句、疑問句、插入語、獨立成份等：二是句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系要合理，包括并列關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、遞進關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、解釋關(guān)系、概括關(guān)系、順序關(guān)系、讓步關(guān)系、對比關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系等（翻譯篇中也有所介紹），這些邏輯關(guān)系均有適當?shù)年P(guān)聯(lián)詞（過渡詞）來連接，如表示因果關(guān)系的就是有accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore , thus, so, in consequence, as a result等。

　　只有在句式上有了變化，才能談得成為一篇好文章。試比較下面的例子：
　　Example
　　原文: I will never drive a car again.（簡單句）I had an accident today.(簡單句)I was
　　driving up Fourth Avenue.（簡單句）I saw a bright yellow car.(簡單句) It was driven by a little old lady.（簡單句）She obviously did not see the stop sign.（簡單句）I could not stop in time.（簡單句）She ran right into me.（簡單句）Then she called me a“young hoodlum（流氓）?！保ê唵尉洌?br>　　本文由九個簡單組成，讀起來單調(diào)無味，毫無感染力。
　　改進: I will never drive a car again.（簡單句） I had an accident today when I was driving up Fourth Avenue.（復合句）I saw a bright yellow car which was driven by a little old lady.（復合句）She obviously did not see the stop sign, and I could not stop in time.（并列句）She ran right into me. Then she called me a “young hoodlum”.(簡單句)
　　原文經(jīng)改進，句式有了較大的變化，由“簡單句、復合句、復合句、并列句、簡單句、簡單句”這樣的順序組成，讀起來覺得內(nèi)容特別，令人回味，效果完全不一樣。

　　四、語言合乎規(guī)范
　　語言規(guī)范含遣詞與造句兩方面內(nèi)容。遣詞的標準是：選詞準確，詞能達意，具體形象，用詞豐富，語法正確同時符合英語表達習慣。造句的標準是：句式變化多樣，意義與結(jié)構(gòu)完整，意思連貫，邏輯合理，語法正確，同時符合習慣和固定用法。
遣詞要注意修辭，避免多次重復同一詞匯，可考慮適當使用代詞、同義詞、近義詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞，使表達有變化。同義詞的使用是衡量考生語言運用能力的一個尺度。
造句要避免清一色“主＋謂＋賓”結(jié)構(gòu)，適當采用倒裝、強調(diào)、被動、長短句、疑問句、反問句、復合句、并列句等各種句型，同時要注意盡量使用自己熟悉和有把握的句型。有的考生由于語言基本功不扎實，在寫作中便經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)病句或中文式英語。例如：
　　誤：His right arm was broken and could not take part in the game.
　　正：His right arm was broken and he could not take part in the game.
(當and 連接的兩個謂分屬不同的主語時，and 后謂語的主語不可省略。)
　　誤：What did we learn in youth can never be forgotten.
　　正：What we learned in youth can never be forgotten.
（當how, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, who, why用引導主語從句時，從句中應(yīng)用自然語序，不要與特殊疑問句的語序相混。）
　　誤：They have sufficient enough food and water to last them two weeks.
　　正：They have sufficient/enough food and water to last them two weeks.
（sufficient和enough同義，均表示“足夠的”，不可同時修飾同一中心詞。）
以上錯誤在考試作文中常見，考生平常寫作訓練中應(yīng)加以糾正，避免考試時出現(xiàn)。要　　在40分鐘內(nèi)完成一篇達到要求的高分作文，考生應(yīng)根據(jù)自己的實際情況，參照下列步驟和時間來進行：
　　1. 審題與構(gòu)思（8－10分鐘）
　　2. 展開段落（20－25分鐘）
　　3. 檢查與修改（5－8分鐘）