2021考研語(yǔ)法系列必考知識(shí)點(diǎn)：動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)

　　在2021考研路上英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)一直是一道難以跨越的砍，不管是閱讀翻譯還是寫作都要把握好語(yǔ)法句式。其中語(yǔ)法是考研英語(yǔ)的基礎(chǔ)，這部分在研究生英語(yǔ)考試中不再單獨(dú)考查，但是語(yǔ)法知識(shí)貫穿在整個(gè)英語(yǔ)考卷的各個(gè)題型中。下面小編給大家詳細(xì)講解一下2021考研語(yǔ)法常考知識(shí)點(diǎn)：動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)，希望可以對(duì)同學(xué)們的復(fù)習(xí)能有所幫助!

　　動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)

　　1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) (have/has been + -ing 分詞構(gòu)成): 動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某時(shí)開始,繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束.

　　I’ve been writing letters for an hour.

　　I’ve been sitting in the garden.

　　2)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(由had been + ing分詞構(gòu)成): 過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

　　I’d been working for some time when he called.

　　We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.

　　3)將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí): 將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.

　　By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.

　　In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.

　　4)將來(lái)完成時(shí)(由shall/will have + 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成): 將來(lái)某時(shí)會(huì)業(yè)已發(fā)生的事.

　　I shall have finished this one before lunch.

　　They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.

　　?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)講解：定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞

　　that, who, whom: 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句, 如果修飾人, 一般用who, 有時(shí)用that (作主語(yǔ)時(shí)用who較多). 如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ), 就應(yīng)當(dāng)用賓格 whom 或that, 但在大多數(shù)情況下都可以省略掉, 在口語(yǔ)中可用who代替whom.

　　Here is the man (whom) you’ve been looking for.

　　He is a man (that) you can safely depend on.

　　The people (who/that) you were talking to were Swedes.

　　There are some people here who I want you to meet.

　　但在介詞后只能用whom:

　　This is the man to whom I referred.

　　但在口語(yǔ)中一般都把介詞放到句子后面去, 這時(shí)可用that, 但省略時(shí)更多一些.

　　Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?

　　Have you met the person (that) he was speaking about

　　The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.

　　The girl (who/that) I spoke to is my cousin.

　　限制性定語(yǔ)從句如果修飾“物”, 用關(guān)系代詞that的時(shí)候較多, 也有時(shí)用which.. 當(dāng)這個(gè)代詞在從句中是用作賓語(yǔ)時(shí), 在絕大多數(shù)情況下都是省略的, 特別是口語(yǔ)中(尤其是當(dāng)被修飾的詞是all, everything等詞時(shí)):

　　Have you everything you need?

　　(Is there) anything I can do for you?

　　All you have to do is to press the button.

　　在介詞后只能用which, 在口語(yǔ)中一般都把介詞放到從句后部去, 這時(shí)可以用that, 但省略的時(shí)候更多一些:

　　The tool with which he is working is called a wrench.

　　The tool (that) he is working with is called a wrench.

　　This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.

　　This is the question (that) we’ve had so much discussion about.

　　定語(yǔ)從句一般是修飾名詞或代詞的, 但間或也可以修飾整個(gè)句子a), 或是句子的一部分 b), 引導(dǎo)詞用which:

　　They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them.

　　The activity was postponed, which was exactly what we wanted

　　When deeply absorbed in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating and sleeping.

　　She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.

　　whose: 在表示“...的”這個(gè)概念時(shí), 可用所有格 whose; whose 用于指物, 有時(shí)可與of which交替使用, 通常的詞序是名詞詞組 + of which:

　　Is there anyone in your class whose family is in the northeast?

　　We had a meeting whose purpose was completely unclear. (…the purpose of which was…)

　　He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (…whose name I’ve…)

　　of which前的名詞詞組也可以由some, any, none, all, both, several, enough, many, most, few以及基數(shù)詞擔(dān)任; 這些詞也能用在 of whom之前.

　　The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.

　　It’s a family of eight children, all of whom are studying music.

　　關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why: 它們的含義相當(dāng)于 at which, in which, for which, 因此它們之間有交替使用的可能.

　　The day when he was born…

　　on which he was born…

　　which he was born on…

　　The office where he works…

　　at which he works…

　　which he works at…

　　有時(shí)可用that替代關(guān)系副詞, 在口語(yǔ)中that 可省略.

　　Every time (that) the telephone rings, he gets nervous.

　　This was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss.

　　Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink?

　　This is the place (where) we met yesterday.

　　That is the reason (why) he did it.

　　在the way 后也可用that 替代in which, 在口語(yǔ)中that也可省略.

　　This is the way (that/in which) he did it.

　　That’s the way I look at it.

　　如果定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)為 there is, 作主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞也?？墒〉?

　　I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people.

　　This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanjing.

　　定語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化: 定語(yǔ)從句與不定式結(jié)構(gòu), -ing分詞結(jié)構(gòu), -ed分詞結(jié)構(gòu)以及無(wú)動(dòng)詞分句等有著轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系.

　　He was the only one to realize the danger (= who realized the danger).

　　The woman driving the car (= who was driving the car) indicated that she was going to turn left.

　　The man injured by the bullet (= who was injured by the bullet) was taken to hospital.

　　All the women present (= who were present) looked up in alarm.

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