考研閱讀題源(健康類):Teaching Doctors to Teach Patients about Lifestyle_跨考網(wǎng)
時間進入6月份,2014年上半年的假期已經(jīng)結(jié)束,還沒有開始復(fù)習(xí)的考生要收收心,抓緊時間復(fù)習(xí)了。隨著第一階段的基礎(chǔ)復(fù)習(xí)接近尾聲,馬上就要進入復(fù)習(xí)強化階段,跨考考研網(wǎng)小編為大家整理考研英語閱讀題源,希望大家能把握這一分值較大的題型。
Teaching Doctors to Teach Patients about Lifestyle
Everybody knows that diet, exercise and other aspects of lifestyle play a significant role in health. But the specifics are less well understood.
To what extent does lifestyle cause or contribute to disease and disability? And what exactly is a healthy lifestyle anyway? There is much confusion about what type of diet or exercise is best, not to mention how much sleep, stress or sex is ideal. Nor is it clear how best to motivate people to change their habits.
This lack of clarity has inspired a growing movement to inform health professionals and patients about the importance of lifestyle in preventing and treating disease. Its aims are to disseminate scientific research about what it means to live well and to encourage doctors and other providers to incorporate this knowledge into their practices.
Two years ago, a group of doctors founded an organization with the goal of making lifestyle medicine a credentialed clinical specialty and a part of basic medical training. Symptomatically treating disease without assessing patients' lifestyles or offering them guidance on how to change is "irresponsible and bordering on neglect," said Dr. John H. Kelly Jr. , president of the fledgling organization, the American College of Lifestyle Medicine.
A professor of preventive medicine at the Loma Linda University School of Medicine in California, Dr. Kelly said the group was formed because of people like his uncle.
Given a diagnosis of heart disease, the uncle had a stent surgically implanted to open a clogged artery but received no advice on how he might change his lifestyle, even though research shows that diet, exercise and stress management could greatly improve his condition.
Dr. Kelly says lifestyle medicine is essential in fighting the national epidemics of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. "We cannot solve the health problems of society unless we change our focus from acute, episodic care to health promotion and wellness-lifestyle medicine," he said.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that 1.7 million Americans die and 25 million are disabled each year by chronic diseases caused or made worse by unhealthy lifestyles. And a 2005 study in The New England Journal of Medicine predicted that average life expectancy in the United States would decline in the next 20 years as a result of unhealthy lifestyles, reversing a trend dating to the 1850s. The American College of Lifestyle Medicine has 150 members in a wide array of specialties-nutritionists, ophthalmologists, gastroenterologists and oncologists, among others. Helping their cause is a new publication, The American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, which appears every other month with peer-reviewed research on the way daily habits affect health.
"Bottom line is we want to promote the science, education and practice of lifestyle medicine,'' Dr. Kelly said.
Lifestyle medicine proponents include researchers and clinicians from the fields of medicine and public health. While they agree on the importance of questioning patients about their lifestyles and giving tailored advice on how to make improvements, there remains disagreement about who should provide such counseling and with what sort of training. Nor is there a widely accepted prescriptive approach for encouraging patient compliance.
“We know lifestyle interventions can be very powerful, often more effective than drugs or surgery," said Dr. JoAnn Manson, a professor of epidemiology at Harvard's School of Public Health and a member of the editorial board of the new journal. “But we need to provide the scientific evidence an how to incorporate that knowledge into practice."
Doctors may vaguely recommend that patients lose weight or get more sleep, for example, but they do not necessarily, know how to help them do it.
Moreover, many physicians themselves have unhealthy habits that may prevent them from offering advice.
"Sleep-deprived doctor who scarf candy bars for lunch tend to feel inhibited in counseling others when they aren't exactly setting an example," said Dr. Walter Willett, chairman of the department of nutrition at the Harvard School of Public Health and a member of the lifestyle medicine college's board of advisers.
"Primary caregivers at least should have extensive training in lifestyle medicine," Dr. Willett said. “And it's reasonable for there to be a medical specialty" so patients can consult a trained practitioner who is certified as an expert in the field.
Others say lifestyle medicine should be incorporated into every facet of health care.
"I don't think it's appropriate to segment it off," said Dr. Thomas W. Rowland, chief of pediatric cardiology at Baystate Medical Center in Springfield, Mass., who routinely counsels children and parents on how to adopt health lifestyles. "it needs to be a fundamental part of every doctor's practice and therefore a part of every medical school's core curriculum."
Still, he acknowledges that there are significant obstacles, because lifestyle consuming is time-consuming and is seldom compensated by Medicare or health insurers.
Reimbursement is a chief concern of the American College of Lifestyle Medicine. The group plans to lobby Congress to that end. And it wants Congress to require that patients be informed about the relative effectiveness of lifestyle changes before receiving certain medications--including blood pressure, acid reflex and cholesterol drugs-and before undergoing procedures like back surgery, bypass surgery and stent placement.
But first, Dr. Kelly said, patients and insurers need to be assured of the professionalism of lifestyle medicine providers.
Some doctors say the movement suffers from fringe elements that advocate unproven strategies like strict vegan diets and daily saunas .
“Lifestyle medicine has to be scientifically base to distinguish it from all the quackery out there," said David R. Brown, senior behavioral scientist in the division of nutrition and physical activity at the disease control center.
Dr. Kelly agreed. "We need to have a certification process in place with rigorous, evidence- based standards," he said.
Proponents of lifestyle medicine are quick to distinguish it from alternative medicine. “This
is mainstream medicine supported by mainstream medical research," said Dr. James M. Rippe, associate professor of cardiology at Tufts University School of Medicine and the editor of The American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. "The lifestyle medicine movement is not an anti- procedure, anti-medication movement."
Rather, he said, it advocates that lifestyle interventions become part of doctor’s arsenal in fighting disease: "For too long we’ve ignored out most powerful weapon when it should be our first line of defense.”
2022考研初復(fù)試已經(jīng)接近尾聲,考研學(xué)子全面進入2023屆備考,跨考為23考研的考生準(zhǔn)備了10大課包全程準(zhǔn)備、全年復(fù)習(xí)備考計劃、目標(biāo)院校專業(yè)輔導(dǎo)、全真復(fù)試模擬練習(xí)和全程針對性指導(dǎo);2023考研的小伙伴針也已經(jīng)開始擇校和復(fù)習(xí)了,跨考考研暢學(xué)5.0版本全新升級,無論你在校在家都可以更自如的完成你的考研復(fù)習(xí),暑假集訓(xùn)營帶來了院校專業(yè)初步選擇,明確方向;考研備考全年規(guī)劃,核心知識點入門;個性化制定備考方案,助你贏在起跑線,早出發(fā)一點離成功就更近一點!
點擊右側(cè)咨詢或直接前往了解更多
考研院校專業(yè)選擇和考研復(fù)習(xí)計劃 | |||
2023備考學(xué)習(xí) | 2023線上線下隨時學(xué)習(xí) | 34所自劃線院??佳袕?fù)試分?jǐn)?shù)線匯總 | |
2022考研復(fù)試最全信息整理 | 全國各招生院??佳袕?fù)試分?jǐn)?shù)線匯總 | ||
2023全日制封閉訓(xùn)練 | 全國各招生院??佳姓{(diào)劑信息匯總 | ||
2023考研先知 | 考研考試科目有哪些? | 如何正確看待考研分?jǐn)?shù)線? | |
不同院校相同專業(yè)如何選擇更適合自己的 | 從就業(yè)說考研如何擇專業(yè)? | ||
手把手教你如何選專業(yè)? | 高校研究生教育各學(xué)科門類排行榜 |
相關(guān)推薦
跨考考研課程
班型 | 定向班型 | 開班時間 | 高定班 | 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)班 | 課程介紹 | 咨詢 |
秋季集訓(xùn) | 沖刺班 | 9.10-12.20 | 168000 | 24800起 | 小班面授+專業(yè)課1對1+專業(yè)課定向輔導(dǎo)+協(xié)議加強課程(高定班)+專屬規(guī)劃答疑(高定班)+精細化答疑+復(fù)試資源(高定班)+復(fù)試課包(高定班)+復(fù)試指導(dǎo)(高定班)+復(fù)試班主任1v1服務(wù)(高定班)+復(fù)試面授密訓(xùn)(高定班)+復(fù)試1v1(高定班) | |
2023集訓(xùn)暢學(xué) | 非定向(政英班/數(shù)政英班) | 每月20日 | 22800起(協(xié)議班) | 13800起 | 先行階在線課程+基礎(chǔ)階在線課程+強化階在線課程+真題階在線課程+沖刺階在線課程+專業(yè)課針對性一對一課程+班主任全程督學(xué)服務(wù)+全程規(guī)劃體系+全程測試體系+全程精細化答疑+擇校擇專業(yè)能力定位體系+全年關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)指導(dǎo)體系+初試加強課+初試專屬服務(wù)+復(fù)試全科標(biāo)準(zhǔn)班服務(wù) |